{"id":1223,"date":"2014-11-18T20:38:04","date_gmt":"2014-11-18T20:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.harpahreins.com\/blogg\/?p=1223"},"modified":"2014-11-18T22:32:55","modified_gmt":"2014-11-18T22:32:55","slug":"marklaus-maeling-a-thunglyndi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/11\/18\/marklaus-maeling-a-thunglyndi\/","title":{"rendered":"Marklaus m\u00e6ling \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>A\u00f0alranns\u00f3knarspurningin<\/strong> \u00ed Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kninni 2004, sem \u00e9g hef fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ed undanf\u00f6rnum \u00a0f\u00e6rslum, <strong>var hversu vel \u00a0\u00fer\u00edr m\u00e6likvar\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi (spurningalistar) f\u00e9llu a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knismati sem bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 greiningarlykli DSM-IV \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6lum vi\u00f0 \u00feunglynda karla<\/strong> (Sigurdsson o.fl., 2013). <a title=\"M\u00e6ling \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi\" href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/10\/28\/visindaleg-huglaegni-i-greiningu-thunglyndis\/\">\u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ustu f\u00e6rslu<\/a> var ger\u00f0 grein fyrir m\u00e6likv\u00f6r\u00f0unum og bent \u00e1 hveru \u00f3\u00e1rei\u00f0anlegt plagg DSM-IV er vegna fj\u00e1rhagslegra tengsla semjenda \u00feess vi\u00f0 lyfjafyrirt\u00e6ki.<\/p>\n<h3>Vi\u00f0talst\u00e6kni ge\u00f0l\u00e6knanna bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fareltri fyrirmynd<\/h3>\n<p>H\u00e1lfsta\u00f0la\u00f0a (semi-structured) vi\u00f0talst\u00e6knin sem ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir tveir \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni beittu til greina \u00feunglynda Su\u00f0urnesjamenn haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 fyrirmynd ranns\u00f3kn sem ger\u00f0 var \u00e1 Gautaborgarb\u00faum \u00e1 n\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0isaldri, af b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjum, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1987, \u00fear sem kanna\u00f0 var algengi ge\u00f0r\u00e6nna sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma skv. greiningarmerkjum DSM-III (Skoog o.fl., 1993). H\u00e1lfsta\u00f0la\u00f0a vi\u00f0talst\u00e6knin sem Skoog beitti f\u00f3lst \u00ed spurningum \u00ed \u00feessari r\u00f6\u00f0: Um sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma og \u00e1f\u00f6ll \u00ed l\u00edfi s\u00e6nsku \u00f6ldunganna og fj\u00f6lskyldu \u00feeirra, um flogaveiki, hjarta\u00e1f\u00f6ll, \u00e1fengisneyslu, s\u00f6gu um ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma fyrr \u00e1 \u00e6vinni, elligl\u00f6p og ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma hj\u00e1 n\u00e1num \u00e6ttingjum, hugsanir um dau\u00f0ann og sj\u00e1lfsv\u00edg, ge\u00f0r\u00e6n sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni s\u00ed\u00f0ustu m\u00e1nu\u00f0ina fyrir vi\u00f0tali\u00f0, virkni \u00ed kynl\u00edfi og svefnmynstur. (\u00cd \u00feessari endurs\u00f6gn er \u00f6rf\u00e1um spurningum sleppt.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 einkennilegt a\u00f0 hafa vi\u00f0talst\u00e6kni sem bygg\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00fareltum ge\u00f0greiningarlykli og beitt \u00e1 mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edkan h\u00f3p vi\u00f0m\u00e6lenda a\u00f0 fyrirmynd \u00ed Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kninni. M\u00f6gulega sk\u00fdrist \u00fea\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feessi sami Skoog var a\u00f0allei\u00f0beinandi \u00ed <a title=\"Sigur\u00f0ur P\u00e1ll P\u00e1lsson\" href=\"http:\/\/timarit.is\/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3380784\">doktorsverkefni annars ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisins<\/a>. Raunar voru b\u00e1\u00f0ir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir doktorar \u00ed ge\u00f0heilsu gamalmenna, sem og heimilisl\u00e6knirinn sem vann a\u00f0 Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kninni, <a title=\"Sigur\u00f0ur P\u00e1ll P\u00e1lsson, Mar\u00eda \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir, \u00d3lafur \u00de\u00f3r \u00c6varsson\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neurophys.gu.se\/sektioner\/psykiatri_och_neurokemi\/neuropsyk\/Publikationer\/Doktorsavhandlingar\/\">\u00f6ll \u00fatskrifu\u00f0 fr\u00e1 Gautaborgarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00e1 f\u00e1rra \u00e1ra millibili<\/a>, svo kannski var akk\u00farat \u00feessi ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 \u00f6ldungunum \u00ed Gautaborg \u00feeim vel kunn.<\/p>\n<p>Af v\u00edsindalegri n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni var \u00fe\u00e1tttakendum \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni \u00e1 Su\u00f0urnesjum f\u00e6kka\u00f0 stig af stigi uns eftir voru 38 karlar, s.s. raki\u00f0 var \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni <a title=\"\u00deunglyndi karla\" href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/10\/13\/visindaleg-rannsokn-a-thunglyndi-karla\/\">V\u00edsindaleg ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi karla<\/a>. 14 \u00feeirra d\u00e6mdu ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir \u00feunglynda (h\u00e9r eru \u00feessir 2 me\u00f0 \u00f3yndi me\u00f0taldir) en 24 \u00feeirra lausa vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi. \u00cd t\u00f6flu 1 \u00ed greininni sem \u00e9g hef veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 fjalla um undanfari\u00f0, Saliva cortisol and male depressive syndrome in a community study. The Sudurnesjamenn study (Sigurdsson o.fl., 2013) koma fram uppl\u00fdsingar sem snerta skor \u00e1 m\u00e6likv\u00f6r\u00f0unum sem nota\u00f0ir voru o.fl. Samanbur\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 t\u00f6flu 2 \u00ed s\u00f6mu grein s\u00fdnir hins vegar a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingar skortir um \u00fdmist 1 e\u00f0a 2 \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00feegar a\u00f0 \u00feessu sama skori kemur (\u00e1 BDI og GMDS spurningalistunum). M\u00e9r finnst \u00f3skiljanlegt a\u00f0 \u00feessa s\u00e9 ekki geti\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00f6flu 1 og er \u00feessi \u00f3n\u00e1kv\u00e6mni s\u00edst til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 auka tr\u00fa \u00e1 v\u00edsindaleg vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00ed ritun greinarinnar. (\u00dea\u00f0 a\u00f0 glutra ni\u00f0ur g\u00f6gnum sem tengjast beint a\u00f0alranns\u00f3knarspurningu ranns\u00f3knarinnar er svo kap\u00edtuli \u00fat af fyrir sig.)<\/p>\n<h3>Hvernig bar m\u00e6likv\u00f6r\u00f0unum saman vi\u00f0 \u00e1lit ge\u00f0l\u00e6knanna byggt \u00e1 vi\u00f0t\u00f6lum?<\/h3>\n<p>\u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li sagt bar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um \u00feessa illa saman. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0alskor \u00f3\u00feunglyndra \u00e1 BDI-kvar\u00f0anum var 10.1 (sta\u00f0alfr\u00e1vik 7.3) og me\u00f0alskor \u00feunglyndra \u00e1 sama kvar\u00f0a var 17.3 (sta\u00f0alfr\u00e1vik 6.2). 14-19 stig \u00e1 BDI-II gefa v\u00edsbendingar um v\u00e6gt \u00feunglyndi en \u00edtreka\u00f0 skal a\u00f0 \u00ed Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kninni var einungis leita\u00f0 a\u00f0 alvarlegu \u00feunglyndi (og \u00f3yndi). Sta\u00f0alfr\u00e1viki\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 st\u00f3rt a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali\u00f0 segir t\u00e6past hvernig d\u00e6miger\u00f0ir einstaklingur \u00ed h\u00f3punum eru. Samanbur\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli me\u00f0altals innan h\u00f3pa ver\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka me\u00f0 h\u00e6filegum fyrirvara.<\/p>\n<p>GMDS-kvar\u00f0a ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar voru \u00ed svipu\u00f0um d\u00far og BDI-II ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar en MADRS m\u00e6ldi hins vegar g\u00edfurlegan mun \u00e1 h\u00f3punum tveimur. (\u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ustu f\u00e6rslu var fjalla\u00f0 \u00edtarlega um \u00feessa m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a, sj\u00e1 <a title=\"Hugl\u00e6gni \u00ed \u00feunglyndisgreiningu\" href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/10\/28\/visindaleg-huglaegni-i-greiningu-thunglyndis\">V\u00edsindaleg hugl\u00e6gni \u00ed m\u00e6lingu \u00feunglyndis<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1lyktunin sem greinarh\u00f6fundar draga af \u00feessu er:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;In the present data, the GMDS and BDI reported false positive cases, given that the semi-structured psychiatric interview is the golden standard, while the MADRS scale was too conservative. These inconsistencies could be explained by the fact that the MADRS is assessed by trained interviewers.&#8221;<br \/>\n(Sigurdsson o.fl., 2013, s. 150).<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li sagt telja greinarh\u00f6fundar sem sagt a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00a0a\u00f0 marka sj\u00e1lfsmatskvar\u00f0ana og kvar\u00f0ann sem heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsma\u00f0ur fyllti \u00fat. Hi\u00f0 eina sem er markt\u00e6kt til a\u00f0 greina \u00feunglyndi er &#8220;hi\u00f0 gullna vi\u00f0mi\u00f0&#8221;, \u00fe.e. h\u00e1lfsta\u00f0la\u00f0 vi\u00f0tal ge\u00f0l\u00e6knis.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Hvernig bar lyfjanotkun og sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningu saman?<\/h3>\n<p>Svo sem kom fram \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni <a title=\"Sj\u00f6 melank\u00f3l\u00edskir Su\u00f0urnesjamenn\" href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/10\/16\/sjo-melankoliskir-sudurnesjamenn\/\">Sj\u00f6 melank\u00f3l\u00edskir Su\u00f0urnesjamenn<\/a> \u00a0skila\u00f0i m\u00e6ling kortis\u00f3ls \u00ed munnvatnss\u00fdni einungis markt\u00e6kum ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um hj\u00e1 helmingi \u00feunglyndisgreindu karlanna og var sk\u00fdringin talin s\u00fa a\u00f0 hinn helmingurinn t\u00f3k ge\u00f0lyf og \u00feunglyndislyf. \u00cd greininni kemur ekki fram hver ge\u00f0lyfin (psychotropics) voru n\u00e9 hvort \u00feunglyndislyf (antidepressants) voru innifalin \u00ed flokknum ge\u00f0lyf e\u00f0a talin sem s\u00e9rstakur flokkur, sem er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0finnsluvert \u00ed ritr\u00fdndri grein.<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00f3tt nefnt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 ge\u00f0lyfja- og \u00feunglyndislyfjanotkun hafi veri\u00f0 markt\u00e6kt algengari hj\u00e1 \u00feeim sem voru greindir talsvert \u00feunglyndir me\u00f0 hi\u00f0 gullna vi\u00f0mi\u00f0, ge\u00f0l\u00e6knavi\u00f0t\u00f6lin, a\u00f0 vopni er ekkert gert \u00far \u00feeirri sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 t\u00e6p 17% hinna gersamlega \u00f3\u00feunglyndu br\u00faku\u00f0u ge\u00f0lyf og 12.5% \u00feeirra t\u00f3ku \u00feunglyndislyf. Leikma\u00f0ur spyr sig au\u00f0vita\u00f0 af hverju svo h\u00e1tt hlutfall \u00f3\u00feunglyndra karlmanna \u00e1 Su\u00f0urnesjum \u00e1t \u00feunglyndislyf fyrir \u00e1ratug en \u00fev\u00ed er s.s. \u00f3svara\u00f0. \u00a0M\u00f6gulega er \u00fea\u00f0 vegna \u00feess sem gefi\u00f0 er \u00ed skyn, a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir sem t\u00f3ku \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni hyggist skrifa s\u00e9rstaka grein um s\u00ednar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur. \u00deegar\/ef h\u00fan birtist ver\u00f0a ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar l\u00f6ngu \u00fareltar \u00fev\u00ed n\u00fa er li\u00f0inn \u00e1ratugur fr\u00e1 ranns\u00f3kninni og margt sem h\u00fan bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 er ekki lengur br\u00faka\u00f0, \u00e1lyktunum sem dregnar eru um serot\u00f3n\u00edn-b\u00faskap og \u00feunglyndi hefur veri\u00f0 varpa\u00f0 fyrir r\u00f3\u00f0a o.s.fr. Fyrir svo utan \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feau g\u00f6gn sem t\u00fdndust\/vantar, svo sem \u00e1\u00f0ur var nefnt, draga mj\u00f6g \u00far \u00e1rei\u00f0anleika ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0nanna.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Er \u00feunglyndi karla vangreint?<\/h3>\n<p>\u00deessari spurningu er n\u00e1nast \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 svara. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 hugmyndir ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna um hva\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00feunglyndi breytast me\u00f0 hverri n\u00fdrri \u00fatg\u00e1fu DSM. \u00de\u00e6r hugmyndir hafa svo margf\u00f6ldunar\u00e1hrif me\u00f0al annarra heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00e9tta og almennings. N\u00fa er svo komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed sama sj\u00fakd\u00f3mspakkanum, k\u00f6llu\u00f0um \u00feunglyndi, m\u00e1 finna allt fr\u00e1 f\u00e1rveikum melank\u00f3l\u00edusj\u00faklingum sem varla komast fram \u00far r\u00faminu upp \u00ed f\u00f3lk sem telur sig eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 meiri hamingju en \u00fea\u00f0 telur s\u00e9r hafa hlotnast \u00ed l\u00edfinu e\u00f0a l\u00edfslei\u00f0ar n\u00f6ldurskj\u00f3\u00f0ur af \u00f6\u00f0ru tagi. Skilgreiningin \u00e1 &#8220;\u00feunglyndi&#8221; er or\u00f0in svo v\u00ed\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er ekkert gagn a\u00f0 henni nema til a\u00f0 \u00fdta undir ford\u00f3ma.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deeim sem hafa s\u00e9rstakan \u00e1huga \u00e1 a\u00f0 lesa um \u00fe\u00e1 algengu ford\u00f3ma ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og starfsf\u00f3lks \u00e1 ge\u00f0svi\u00f0i um a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 miklu algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla er bent \u00e1 tvo fyrirlestra eftir Arn\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0i Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttur:<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Vi\u00f0 erum me\u00f0 a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mari heila\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4729365\/_Vi%C3%B0_erum_me%C3%B0_a%C3%B0eins_vi%C3%B0kv%C3%A6mari_heila_._Tengsl_hins_l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0ilega_og_s%C3%A1lf%C3%A9lagslega_%C3%AD_or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0u_ge%C3%B0l%C3%A6kna\">&#8220;Vi\u00f0 erum me\u00f0 a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mari heila&#8221;. Tengsl hins l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega \u00ed or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna<\/a> (Arn\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0ur Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir, 2010) og\u00a0<a title=\"Ford\u00f3mar ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna um \u00feunglyndi kvenna\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/426601\/_Sta%C3%B0reyndir_l%C3%ADfsins._Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_ge%C3%B0l%C3%A6kna_um_tv%C3%B6falt_t%C3%AD%C3%B0ara_%C3%BEunglyndi_kvenna\">Sta\u00f0reyndir l\u00edfsins.\u201c Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna um tv\u00f6falt t\u00ed\u00f0ara \u00feunglyndi kvenna<\/a> (Arn\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0ur Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir og Gloria Wekker, 2010).<\/p>\n<p>\u00deeim sem hafa almennan \u00e1huga \u00e1 hvernig svona go\u00f0sagnir og ford\u00f3mar ver\u00f0a til, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 konum h\u00e6tti meir til \u00feunglyndis er k\u00f6rlum er bent \u00e1 f\u00e6rslu m\u00edna fr\u00e1 17. mars 2013, <a title=\"\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0sagnir um \u00feunglyndi kvenna\" href=\"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-03-17\/thjodsagnir-um-thunglyndi-og-konur\/\">\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0sagnir um \u00feunglyndi og konur<\/a>, og a\u00f0 lesa s\u00e9r til \u00ed a\u00f0alheimild hennar sem er v\u00f6ndu\u00f0 yfirlitsgrein.<\/p>\n<p>Ofangreindar heimildir benda til \u00feess a\u00f0 (raunverulegt) \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 \u00e1l\u00edka algengt me\u00f0al karla og kvenna. M\u00f6gulegt er a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi karla s\u00e9 vangreint en \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1 vegna ford\u00f3ma ge\u00f0heilbrig\u00f0iskerfisins og tr\u00faar starsmanna \u00feess \u00a0\u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0sagnir og go\u00f0sagnir \u00ed sta\u00f0 v\u00edsinda.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00de\u00e6r einu tv\u00e6r \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem m\u00e9r detta \u00ed hug fyrir birtingu tveggja greina og bo\u00f0a\u00f0ri \u00feri\u00f0ju grein, um \u00feessa Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kn, sem ger\u00f0 var fyrir \u00e1ratug og vir\u00f0ist ekki hafa veri\u00f0 vanda\u00f0 til, s.s. \u00e9g hef raki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessari og fyrri bloggf\u00e6rslum, er a\u00f0 einhvern h\u00f6fundanna vanti punkta til a\u00f0 lj\u00faka n\u00e1mi e\u00f0a n\u00e1 framgangi \u00ed starfi; Hin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an kann a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja vi\u00f0 marka\u00f0ssetningu \u00feunglyndislyfja \u00e1 svi\u00f0um sem enn eru illa n\u00fdtt, sem eru einkum me\u00f0al karla og barna. Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem betur kemur \u00e1 daginn a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndislyf n\u00fdtast ekkert vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi (nema \u00ed undantekningartilvikum) er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gara fyrir lyfjarisana a\u00f0 finna fyrir \u00feau n\u00fd not og fiska \u00e1 n\u00fdjum mi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Heimildir<\/h3>\n<p>Arn\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0ur Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir og Gloria Wekker. (2010). <a title=\"Go\u00f0sagnir me\u00f0al ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/426601\/_Sta%C3%B0reyndir_l%C3%ADfsins._Or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0a_ge%C3%B0l%C3%A6kna_um_tv%C3%B6falt_t%C3%AD%C3%B0ara_%C3%BEunglyndi_kvenna\">Sta\u00f0reyndir l\u00edfsins.\u201c Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna um tv\u00f6falt t\u00ed\u00f0ara \u00feunglyndi kvenna<\/a>. <em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0arspegillinn<\/em>. <em>Ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindum XI<\/em>. Erindi flutt \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu \u00ed okt\u00f3ber 2010. F\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindastofnun H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, Reykjav\u00edk. Ritstj\u00f3ri: Silja B\u00e1ra \u00d3marsd\u00f3ttir. Kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed greinina \u00e1 Academia.edu en hana m\u00e1 einnig n\u00e1lgast \u00e1 rafr\u00e6nu formi \u00e1 <em>Skemmunni<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Arn\u00fer\u00fa\u00f0ur Ing\u00f3lfsd\u00f3ttir. (2010). <a title=\"Ford\u00f3mar ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4729365\/_Vi%C3%B0_erum_me%C3%B0_a%C3%B0eins_vi%C3%B0kv%C3%A6mari_heila_._Tengsl_hins_l%C3%ADffr%C3%A6%C3%B0ilega_og_s%C3%A1lf%C3%A9lagslega_%C3%AD_or%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0u_ge%C3%B0l%C3%A6kna\">&#8220;Vi\u00f0 erum me\u00f0 a\u00f0eins vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mari heila&#8221;. Tengsl hins l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslega \u00ed or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna<\/a>. Fyrirlestur hj\u00e1 Ranns\u00f3knarstofu \u00ed kvenna- og kynjafr\u00e6\u00f0um 23.09.&#8217;10. \u00a0Academia.edu<\/p>\n<p>Sigurdsson, B., Palsson, S. P., Johannsson, M., Olafsdottir, M., &amp; Aevarsson, O. (2013). Saliva cortisol and male depressive syndrome in a community study. The Sudurnesjamenn study. <em>Nordic journal of psychiatry 67<\/em>(3), s. 145-152.<\/p>\n<p>Skoog, I., Nilsson, L., Landahl, S., &amp; Steen, B. (1993). Mental disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs in an 85-year-old urban population.\u00a0<i>International Psychogeriatrics<\/i>,\u00a0<i>5<\/i>(01), 33-48.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A\u00f0alranns\u00f3knarspurningin \u00ed Su\u00f0urnesjamannaranns\u00f3kninni 2004, sem \u00e9g hef fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ed undanf\u00f6rnum \u00a0f\u00e6rslum, var hversu vel \u00a0\u00fer\u00edr m\u00e6likvar\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi (spurningalistar) f\u00e9llu a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knismati sem bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 greiningarlykli DSM-IV \u00ed vi\u00f0t\u00f6lum vi\u00f0 \u00feunglynda karla (Sigurdsson o.fl., <span class=\"ellipsis\">&hellip;<\/span> <span class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/11\/18\/marklaus-maeling-a-thunglyndi\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span>Read More &#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gedheilsa","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1223"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1230,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions\/1230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}