{"id":323,"date":"2011-02-21T19:41:24","date_gmt":"2011-02-21T19:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2011-02-21\/orsakir-sidblindu\/"},"modified":"2011-02-21T19:41:24","modified_gmt":"2011-02-21T19:41:24","slug":"orsakir-sidblindu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2011\/02\/21\/orsakir-sidblindu\/","title":{"rendered":"Orsakir si\u00f0blindu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><font size=\"-1\">31. des. 2011: \u00c9g hef ofi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinduf\u00e6rslurnar og \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera \u00fe\u00e6gilegra a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a efni\u00f0 \u00e1 vef heldur en \u00ed \u00feessu bloggumhverfi. Sl\u00f3\u00f0in er:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/sidblinda.com\/\"><strong>http:\/\/sidblinda.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/font><b><font size=\"-1\">\u00de\u00f3famj\u00fak r\u00e1nd\u00fdr sem l\u00e6\u00f0ast: Si\u00f0blinda V hluti<\/font><\/b><br \/>\n<font size=\"-1\">(finna m\u00e1 fyrri f\u00e6rslur um si\u00f0blindu \u00ed efnisflokknum <i>Si\u00f0blinda<\/i>, h\u00e9r til h\u00e6gri)<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font face=\"Verdana\"><i><font size=\"-1\">\u00c9g tr\u00fai \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 auglj\u00f3s misbeiting e\u00f0a einhver hversdagsleg st\u00f3rfelld afgl\u00f6p foreldra geti sannanlega veri\u00f0 meginors\u00f6k \u00feess a\u00f0 barn \u00fer\u00f3i \u00feessa fl\u00f3knu r\u00f6skun.<\/font><\/i><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">1<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Menn hafa lengi velt \u00fev\u00ed fyrir hvers vegna til s\u00e9u si\u00f0blindir \u00ed mannlegu samf\u00e9lagi. Einkum hefur umr\u00e6\u00f0an sn\u00faist um a\u00f0 hve miklu leyti f\u00e9lagslegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, um\u00f6nnun og uppeldi \u00ed bernsku og \u00e6sku o.fl. \u00feess h\u00e1ttar skipti m\u00e1li og a\u00f0 hve miklu leyti erf\u00f0ir skipti m\u00e1li. Robert D. Hare hefur reyndar haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0i l\u00edti\u00f0 a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 greina \u00fearna \u00e1 milli enda telur hann a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindum s\u00e9 ekki vi\u00f0bjargandi hver sem ors\u00f6k r\u00f6skunarinnar s\u00e9 talin. \u00deeir sem telja a\u00f0 einhvers konar\u00a0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 g\u00e6ti dregi\u00f0 \u00far si\u00f0blindu hafa hins vegar \u00e1huga \u00e1 hva\u00f0a megin\u00fe\u00e6ttir liggi a\u00f0 baki \u00feessari pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun og \u00ed eldri heimildum sl\u00edkra \u00e1hugamanna er oft gert miki\u00f0 \u00far f\u00e9lagslegum \u00fe\u00e1ttum. Ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 si\u00f0blindum g\u00e1fu fyrir l\u00f6ngu v\u00edsbendingar um a\u00f0 heilastarfsemi \u00feeirra v\u00e6ri \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en annars f\u00f3lks en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki fyrr en n\u00fdveri\u00f0 sem t\u00e6knin f\u00f3r a\u00f0 leyfa s\u00e6milega \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar raunv\u00edsindalegar\u00a0 ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 sl\u00edku, einkum me\u00f0 starfr\u00e6nni segul\u00f3mst\u00e6kni (fMRI) en einnig hefur snei\u00f0myndataka (PET) o.fl. veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu skyni. Ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 tv\u00edburum hafa mi\u00f0a\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 finna \u00fat a\u00f0 hve miklu leyti si\u00f0blinda er arfgeng. Loks m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 aukinn \u00e1hugi vir\u00f0ist \u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e1ta si\u00f0blindu vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar kenningar til a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra hvers vegna si\u00f0blindir einstaklingar ur\u00f0u til.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur stikla\u00f0 \u00e1 st\u00f3ru yfir helstu kenningar og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">*<b>L\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar orsakir<\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Heili si\u00f0blindra<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Viss \u00f3rei\u00f0a h\u00e1ir nokku\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 heilastarfsemi si\u00f0blindra. Til er fj\u00f6ldi \u00f3l\u00edkra ranns\u00f3kna, \u00fear sem \u00fartak og samanbur\u00f0arh\u00f3pur var valinn \u00e1 mismunandi m\u00e1ta og fengust \u00ed sumum tilvikum fr\u00e1brug\u00f0nar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur. \u00de\u00f3tt mig skorti au\u00f0vita\u00f0 grunn\u00feekkingu \u00ed \u00feessum fr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed helsta sem vir\u00f0ist s\u00e6milega \u00e1byggilegt. Fyrst er \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edklega r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra \u00fe\u00e1 heilastarfsemi sem ber \u00e1 g\u00f3ma, \u00ed einfalda\u00f0ri mynd:<\/font><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"10\" vspace=\"10\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/randkerfid.jpg?resize=326%2C325\" alt=\"Randkerfi\u00f0 - limbic system\" align=\"left\" height=\"325\" width=\"326\" \/><font size=\"-1\"><b>Randkerfi<\/b>: Hluti randkerfisins (<i>limbic system<\/i>) er mj\u00f6g gamall, t.a.m. m\u00f6ndlungur. \u00deessi hluti randkerfisins er einn af \u00feeim hlutum heilans sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum \u201efengi\u00f0 \u00ed arf fr\u00e1 skri\u00f0d\u00fdrunum\u201c, \u00fe.e. tilheyrir \u00feeim hluta heilans sem er gamall \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unars\u00f6gunni og er \u00fev\u00ed svipa\u00f0ur \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum d\u00fdrum. M\u00e6tti segja a\u00f0 tilfinningar s\u00e9u millj\u00f3num \u00e1ra eldri en hugsanir, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un mannsheilans. En\u00a0til randkerfis teljast einnig sv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed heilaberki, n\u00fdjasta hluta spend\u00fdraheilans.\u00a0Randkerfi\u00f0 s\u00e9r um \u00fdmsa \u00fe\u00e6tti tengda tilfinningum og minni.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\"><b>M\u00f6ndlungur<\/b>: Lykill\u00edff\u00e6ri randkerfisins er\u00a0m\u00f6ndlungur (<i>amygdala<\/i>). M\u00f6ndlungurinn er s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0ur \u00ed tilfinningam\u00e1lum, geymir tilfinningalegar minningar og \u00e1str\u00ed\u00f0ur. Hann gerir kleift a\u00f0 greina pers\u00f3nulega merkingu daglegra atbur\u00f0a sem \u00fdmist vekja \u00e1n\u00e6gju, umhyggju, spennu e\u00f0a rei\u00f0i. M\u00f6ndlungur er uppspretta \u00f3tta og \u00e1r\u00e1sargirni.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\"><b>Heilab\u00f6rkur<\/b>: \u00cd heilaberkinum er talin vera sj\u00e1lfsvitund, h\u00f6mlur \u00e1 tilfinningar og hvatv\u00edsi. Heilab\u00f6rkurinn er mun \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ri \u00ed m\u00f6nnum en \u00f6\u00f0rum spend\u00fdrum og hann vantar alveg \u00ed margar minna \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ar d\u00fdrategundir.\u00a0 Heilab\u00f6rkur er ger\u00f0ur ytra \u00far <b>gr\u00e1fyllu<\/b>, sem eru gr\u00e1ir frumbolir taugafruma og \u00fear fer \u00f6ll skyn\u00farvinnsla fram. Innra byr\u00f0i heilabarkar er <b>hv\u00edtfylla<\/b>, mergsl\u00ed\u00f0ru\u00f0 taugas\u00edmu sem virka l\u00edkt og lj\u00f3slei\u00f0arar til a\u00f0 senda og taka \u00e1 m\u00f3ti uppl\u00fdsingum. Hv\u00edtfyllan tengir heilab\u00f6rk og \u00f6nnur sv\u00e6\u00f0i heilans saman.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 taugabrautir milli ennisbla\u00f0a (<i>frontal lobes<\/i>)\u00a0og ne\u00f0anbarkarkjarna (<i>subcortical nuclei<\/i>) stj\u00f3rni og mi\u00f0li m\u00f6rgum hli\u00f0um mannlegs atferlis. B\u00f6rkur augnt\u00f3ttarhluta ennisbla\u00f0a (<i>orbitofrontal cortex<\/i>) heilans samh\u00e6fir starfsemi st\u00fakunnar (<i>thalamus<\/i>), m\u00f6ndlungsins og heilabarkarins.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">2<\/font><\/sup><\/b><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Roberts D. Hare var fyrst ger\u00f0 tilraun til a\u00f0 mynda heilastarfsemi si\u00f0blindra \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">3<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\">\u00a0 S\u00ed\u00f0an hefur veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ur m\u00fdgr\u00fatur ranns\u00f3kna af \u00fev\u00ed taginu. \u00cd n\u00fdjum \u00fattektum (jafnvel \u00fattektum \u00e1 \u00fattektum) \u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00feeim ranns\u00f3knum sem ger\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 starfr\u00e6nni segul\u00f3mun e\u00f0a annarri n\u00fdrri t\u00e6kni \u00ed heilamyndat\u00f6ku telja menn sig hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 mun \u00ed heilum og heilastarfsemi si\u00f0blindra og venjulegs f\u00f3lks. \u00deennan mun er fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 finna \u00ed hluta randkerfis heilans. Svo vir\u00f0ist sem \u00f3e\u00f0lileg starfsemi og ger\u00f0 hluta <b>framheilabla\u00f0a<\/b>, \u00fe.e. bakhli\u00f0l\u00e6gs hluta framheilabarkar (<i>dorsolateral prefrontal cortex<\/i>) og augnt\u00f3ttarhluta ennisbla\u00f0a (<i>orbitofrontal cortex<\/i>), sem og \u00ed <strong>m\u00f6ndlungi<\/strong>, tengist si\u00f0blindu og jafnframt ofbeldisfullri og andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">4<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00dea\u00f0 helsta sem fundist hefur athugavert og h\u00e6gt hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum ranns\u00f3knum:<\/font>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Vanskapa\u00f0ur m\u00f6ndlungur og afbrig\u00f0ileg starfsemi hans. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 m\u00f6ndlungur skipti m\u00e1li \u00ed tilfinningavi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um og tilfinningan\u00e1mi, t.d. a\u00f0 bera kennsl \u00e1 tilfinningar \u00ed svipbrig\u00f0um annarra, og breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">5<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\">\u00a0 Skv. ranns\u00f3kn Yang o.fl. voru markt\u00e6k tengsl milli st\u00e6r\u00f0ar m\u00f6ndlungs og hversu mikil si\u00f0blinda m\u00e6ldist, \u00fe.e. \u00fev\u00ed minni sem m\u00f6ndlungur var \u00fev\u00ed fleiri einkenni si\u00f0blindu\/sterkari si\u00f0blindu m\u00e1tti greina.<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Truflun \u00ed starfsemi ennisbla\u00f0a og gagnaugabla\u00f0a, t.d. minna gegnfl\u00e6\u00f0i bl\u00f3\u00f0s og l\u00e6gri efnaskipti.<\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd sumum ranns\u00f3knum hefur greinst:<\/font><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Minni gr\u00e1fylla \u00ed aftari hluta ennisbla\u00f0s, sem tengist hvatastj\u00f3rn, \u00e1kvar\u00f0anat\u00f6ku, tilfinningan\u00e1mi og h\u00e6fni til a\u00f0 laga heg\u00f0un s\u00edna a\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um. Sumar ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 minni gr\u00e1fylla\/taugagr\u00e1mi \u00e1 \u00feessum sv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed si\u00f0blindum en \u00feeim sem ekki eru si\u00f0blindir. Ein ranns\u00f3kn s\u00fdndi a\u00f0 frumsi\u00f0blindir <i>(unsuccessful psychopaths<\/i>, \u00fe.e. \u00feeir sem s\u00e1tu \u00ed fangelsi) hef\u00f0u a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali 22% minni gr\u00e1fyllu en annars stigs si\u00f0blindir (<i>successful psychopaths<\/i>, \u00fe.e. \u00feeir sem dv\u00f6ldu utan rimlanna) og venjulegt f\u00f3lk.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">6<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Aukin hv\u00edtfylla\/taugahv\u00edta \u00ed hvelatengslum (<i>corpus callosum<\/i>, sem tengir heilahvelin tv\u00f6 saman).\u00a0Hv\u00edfylla eru taugas\u00edmu innan \u00e1 heilberki og tengja heilab\u00f6rk vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur sv\u00e6\u00f0i heilans. Grunur hefur leiki\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 bogi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hvelatengsl \u00ed si\u00f0blindum og a\u00f0 magn hv\u00edtfyllu skipti m\u00e1li \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi. Skv. \u00fattektum \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knum hefur ekki veri\u00f0 fyllilega s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 \u00feetta.<\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Allir vir\u00f0ast samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 bogi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hluta randkerfis, s.s. m\u00f6ndlung, ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0 og hvelatengsl, en n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hva\u00f0 er ekki lj\u00f3st, nema kannski helst \u00ed n\u00fdjustu ranns\u00f3kn Yang \u00e1 m\u00f6ndlungi. Menn vir\u00f0ast l\u00edka n\u00fdlega samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 borgi sig ekki a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a si\u00f0blinda sem einsleitan h\u00f3p heldur ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 greina milli frumsi\u00f0blindra (<i>primary psychopaths<\/i>) og annars stigs si\u00f0blindra (<i>secondary psychopaths<\/i>) \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum. Hinir fyrrnefndu fremja ofbeldissgl\u00e6pi og eru oft geymdir bak vi\u00f0 l\u00e1s og sl\u00e1, hinir s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu leika lausum hala \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu. Ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra muninn nema a\u00f0 hluta me\u00f0 skori \u00e1 Hare-g\u00e1tlistanum. Spurningin er \u00fev\u00ed hvort h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00feennan mun me\u00f0 raunv\u00edsindalegum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um?<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">*Bo\u00f0efnaskipti \u00ed heila<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/hannibal2.jpg?resize=120%2C87\" alt=\"Si\u00f0blindur Hannibal Lechter\" align=\"left\" height=\"87\" width=\"120\" \/><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd randkerfinu hefur d\u00f3pam\u00edn \u00e1hrif \u00e1 tilfinningar en randkerfi\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0ur miklu um atferli manna me\u00f0 \u00e1hrifum \u00e1 hvatir og ge\u00f0hrif. D\u00f3pam\u00edn \u00e1 m.a. \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1n\u00e6gjunnar en losun efnisins \u00ed \u00feann hluta randkerfisins sem hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ur \u00e1n\u00e6gjust\u00f6\u00f0 (sv\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00e9tt ne\u00f0an vi\u00f0 st\u00faku heilans) framkallar \u00e1n\u00e6gju. \u00c1n\u00e6gjust\u00f6\u00f0in ver\u00f0launar l\u00edfsnau\u00f0synlega starfsemi (\u00fe.e. d\u00f3pam\u00ednframlei\u00f0sla eykst) svo sem \u00e1t og kynl\u00edf en h\u00fan kemur einnig vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u00ed f\u00edkninni sem tengist alk\u00f3h\u00f3li, t\u00f3baki og \u00fdmsum lyfjum.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">7<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\"> Skortur \u00e1 d\u00f3pam\u00edni \u00ed \u00e1n\u00e6gjust\u00f6\u00f0inni veldur vanl\u00ed\u00f0an, kv\u00ed\u00f0a, pirringi og l\u00e9legri tilfinningastj\u00f3rnun.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">8<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Skv. n\u00fdlegri ranns\u00f3kn \u00fear sem sj\u00e1lfbo\u00f0ali\u00f0um var gefi\u00f0 amfetam\u00edn og s\u00ed\u00f0an teknar snei\u00f0myndir af heila og einnig notu\u00f0 starfr\u00e6n segul\u00f3mun kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 \u00e1n\u00e6gjust\u00f6\u00f0var \u00ed si\u00f0blindum losu\u00f0u ferfalt meira d\u00f3pam\u00edn en \u00ed \u00feeim sem ekki voru si\u00f0blindir. Af \u00feessu dr\u00f3gu rannsakendur \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 eftirs\u00f3kn si\u00f0blindra eftir ver\u00f0launum og hunsun \u00e1 m\u00f6gulegri h\u00e6ttu e\u00f0a si\u00f0al\u00f6gm\u00e1lum, sem valdi m.a. andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un \u00feeirra, sk\u00fdrist af rugli \u00ed d\u00f3pam\u00ednb\u00faskap heilans. S\u00f6mlei\u00f0is megi sk\u00fdra \u00e1s\u00f3kn si\u00f0blindra \u00ed v\u00edmuefni (\u00e1fengi og fleira) me\u00f0 \u00feessari ofvirkni \u00ed d\u00f3pam\u00ednframlei\u00f0slu. S\u00e9 tilg\u00e1tan r\u00e9tt veldur s\u00edfelldur skortur \u00e1 d\u00f3pam\u00edni \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir geti ekki breytt heg\u00f0un sinni e\u00f0a hugsunarh\u00e6tti.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">9<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\"> \u00deetta g\u00e6ti l\u00edka sk\u00fdrt hve au\u00f0veldlega \u00feeim lei\u00f0ist og hve mj\u00f6g \u00feeir s\u00e6kjast eftir spennu \u00ed l\u00edfinu.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Menn hafa einnig velt fyrir s\u00e9r hvort ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn-b\u00faskapur s\u00e9 eitthva\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi \u00ed si\u00f0blindum en \u00f6\u00f0rum. Ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn, einnig nefnt 5-HT, er eitt af m\u00f6rgum taugabo\u00f0efnum sem heilinn notar til bo\u00f0skipta. Seyti (magn sem er losa\u00f0) ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edns hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 skapferli og almenna virkni (<i>arousal<\/i>). \u00dea\u00f0 st\u00fdrir einnig \u00e1ti og svefni og gegnir hlutverki \u00ed skynjun s\u00e1rsauka. Of l\u00edti\u00f0 magn ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edns tengist hvatv\u00edsi og \u00e1r\u00e1sargirni, b\u00e6\u00f0i hj\u00e1 f\u00f3lki og \u00fdmsum \u00f6\u00f0rum d\u00fdrategundum.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">10<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\"> Larry Siever hefur rannsaka\u00f0 ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn-framlei\u00f0slu \u00feeirra sem haldnir eru andf\u00e9lagslegri pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun (en si\u00f0blinda telst til hennar) og telur a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 bogi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn-uppt\u00f6ku \u00feeirra sem g\u00e6ti sk\u00fdrt \u00e1r\u00e1sargirni. Hins vegar s\u00e9 ekki lj\u00f3st n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hva\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 og \u00feurfi a\u00f0 rannsaka \u00feetta miklu betur.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">11<\/font><\/sup><\/b><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">*Arfgengi si\u00f0blindu og \u00e1hrif f\u00e9lagslegra \u00fe\u00e1tta<\/font><\/b><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd \u00fev\u00ed \u00fev\u00ed efni af n\u00fdrra taginu sem fjallar um si\u00f0blindu og \u00e9g hef kynnt m\u00e9r eru allir \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 arfgeng. Menn eru hins vegar ekki samm\u00e1la um \u00ed hve miklum m\u00e6li si\u00f0blinda r\u00e1\u00f0ist af erf\u00f0um og hve st\u00f3r umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1tturinn er. \u00cd bandar\u00edskri\/kanad\u00edskri grein fr\u00e1 2010 er sagt fr\u00e1 fimm ranns\u00f3knum sem allar s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu\u00fe\u00e6ttir erfist. \u00dear voru nota\u00f0ar mismunandi a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 meta si\u00f0blindu en engin \u00feeirra n\u00fdtti \u00fe\u00f3\u00a0PCL-R g\u00e1tlista og m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a Roberts D. Hare.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">12<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Ranns\u00f3knum ber ekki alveg saman enda eru menn ekki alltaf a\u00f0 rannsaka hi\u00f0 sama, \u00fe.e.a.s. sumir einbeita s\u00e9r a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu en a\u00f0rir sko\u00f0a andf\u00e9lagslega pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun e\u00f0a jafnvel ofbeldishneig\u00f0 og gr\u00f3fa gl\u00e6pamennsku almennt.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd n\u00fdlegri ranns\u00f3kn var sko\u00f0a\u00f0 arfgengi og umhverfis\u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0num svi\u00f0um si\u00f0blindu og byggt \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfsl\u00fdsingu bandar\u00edskra mi\u00f0aldra tv\u00edbura. (\u00deessi sj\u00e1lfsmatskvar\u00f0i heitir <i>Psychopathic Personality Inventory<\/i>, skammsta\u00f0a PPI og skiptist \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsu en g\u00e1tlisti Hare.) Svi\u00f0in sem voru sko\u00f0u\u00f0 voru annars vegar pers\u00f3nuleikaeinkennin <i>\u00f3ttalaus<\/i>&#8211;<i>drottunargjarn<\/i> og hins vegar <i>hvatv\u00eds<\/i>&#8211;<i>andf\u00e9lagslegur<\/i>. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur voru a\u00f0 <i>\u00f3ttalaus<\/i>&#8211;<i>drottnunargjarn<\/i> var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra tilt\u00f6lulega jafnt me\u00f0 arfgengi og umhverfis\u00e1hrifum en <i>hvatv\u00eds<\/i>&#8211;<i>andf\u00e9lagslegur<\/i> virtist meir r\u00e1\u00f0ast af umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1ttum.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">13<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/saedisfrumur.jpg?resize=96%2C96\" alt=\"S\u00e6\u00f0isfrumur\" align=\"left\" height=\"96\" width=\"96\" \/><font size=\"-1\">\u00c1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0um mei\u00f0i er Richard Baschetti, sem kemst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 gl\u00e6pahneig\u00f0 og ofbeldi r\u00e1\u00f0ist einkum af genum. Hann var reyndar a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a andf\u00e9lagslega pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun en ekki bara si\u00f0blindu. Baschetti telur sig s\u00fdna fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 f\u00e9lagslegar sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 ofbeldi, s.s. a\u00f0 f\u00e1t\u00e6kt og atvinnuleysi auk ofbeldis annarra, s\u00e9u ekkert anna\u00f0 en p\u00f3lit\u00edsk kennisetning sem ekki standist.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">14<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\"> \u00cd sama streng taka h\u00f6fundar yfirlitsranns\u00f3knar yfir ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 andf\u00e9lagslegri pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun og telja a\u00f0 56% af breytileika \u00ed andf\u00e9lagslegri pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun og andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un s\u00e9 vegna erf\u00f0a, 11% megi sk\u00fdra me\u00f0 svipu\u00f0um f\u00e9lagslegum a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um, einkum uppeldi og fj\u00f6lskylduger\u00f0, og 31% r\u00e1\u00f0ist af s\u00e9rst\u00f6kum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um sem ekki tengist erf\u00f0um. (Sem d\u00e6mi um slikar s\u00e9rstakar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur eru nefndar h\u00f6fu\u00f0\u00e1verkar, s\u00fdkingar, f\u00e9lagslegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir utan fj\u00f6lskyldu o.fl.).<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">15<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Sv\u00edar hafa sta\u00f0i\u00f0 framarlega \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 arfengi si\u00f0blindu e\u00f0a \u00fdmsum \u00fe\u00e1ttum hennar. \u00deeir hafa, stundum \u00ed f\u00e9lagi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra, byggt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar \u00e1 langt\u00edmaranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 1480 s\u00e6nskum tv\u00edburum, f\u00e6ddum \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1985-86. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Henriks Larsson o.fl. eru a\u00f0 sameiginlegur erf\u00f0a\u00fe\u00e1ttur liggi a\u00f0 baki b\u00e6\u00f0i si\u00f0blindum pers\u00f3nuleika og andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un en s\u00fa s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda stj\u00f3rnist \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 einhverju leyti af umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1ttum.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">16<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd s\u00e6nskri doktorsritger\u00f0 fr\u00e1 2009 gerir Mats Forsman grein fyrir ranns\u00f3knum s\u00ednum \u00e1 arfgengi si\u00f0blindu. Hann bygg\u00f0i \u00e1 s\u00f6mu langt\u00edmat\u00edmaranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 1480 tv\u00edburunum. \u00cd upphafi ritger\u00f0arinnar segir hann: \u201eFyrri ranns\u00f3knir hafa gefi\u00f0 til kynna a\u00f0 u.\u00fe.b. 40-70% af pers\u00f3nuleikaeinkennum si\u00f0blindu s\u00e9 vegna erf\u00f0a. Tv\u00edburaranns\u00f3knir hafa \u00feess vegna veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega mikilv\u00e6gar.\u201c (s. 3) Henrik Larsson\u00a0haf\u00f0i birt \u00fe\u00e6r ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur 2006\u00a0a\u00f0 erf\u00f0ir r\u00e9\u00f0u 63% af sumum kjarnaeinkennum si\u00f0blindu (<i>kaldlyndi<\/i> og <i>yfirbor\u00f0skenndu tilfinningal\u00edfi<\/i>) og \u00fe\u00e1ttum \u00ed andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un (<i>\u00f3\u00e1byrgri heg\u00f0un<\/i> og <i>hvatv\u00edsi<\/i>) en ekki <i>yfirbor\u00f0smennsku<\/i> og <i>drottnunargirni<\/i>.\u00a0Mismunandi umhverfis\u00fe\u00e6ttir r\u00e9\u00f0u hinum 37% (sj\u00e1 s. 4-7 \u00ed ritger\u00f0 Forsman). Forsman \u00fatlistar svo fj\u00f3rar ranns\u00f3knir sem hann ger\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfur og kemst a\u00f0 svipa\u00f0ri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u og Larsson (sj\u00e1 s. 17) \u00fe\u00f3tt me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um s\u00e9.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">17<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an af \u00feessum mismunandi ranns\u00f3knum vir\u00f0ist vera a\u00f0 megni\u00f0 af kjarnaeinkennum si\u00f0blindu (pers\u00f3nuleikaeinkennum) stj\u00f3rnist af erf\u00f0um. Jafnframt vir\u00f0ist mega rekja hluta af andf\u00e9lagslegum \u00fe\u00e1ttum si\u00f0blindu svo til eing\u00f6ngu til arfgengis. Tilviljanakenndir umhverfis\u00fe\u00e6ttir hafa t\u00f6luvert v\u00e6gi en sams konar f\u00e9lagslegar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sk\u00fdra f\u00e1tt \u00ed fari si\u00f0blindra og uppruna si\u00f0blindu.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">*\u00der\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar sk\u00fdringar<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/homo_sapiens.jpg?resize=112%2C112\" alt=\"Homo sapiens\" align=\"left\" height=\"112\" width=\"112\" \/><font size=\"-1\">Vaxandi \u00e1hugi vir\u00f0ist \u00e1 vangaveltum um hvernig standi eiginlega \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir s\u00e9u til \u00ed samf\u00e9lagi manna. \u00deessar vangaveltur byggja annars vegar \u00e1 kenningu Darwins um n\u00e1tt\u00farlegt val og hins vegar \u00e1 afleiddum kenningum og vi\u00f0b\u00f3tum vi\u00f0 hana, sem byggjast a\u00f0 nokkru leyti \u00e1\u00a0leikjafr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li sagt h\u00e9lt Darwin \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 tegundir \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust fyrir tilstilli n\u00e1tt\u00farlegs vals, sem v\u00e6ri v\u00e9lr\u00e6nt ferli en hvorki forsj\u00e1lt n\u00e9 frams\u00fdnt. N\u00e1tt\u00farulegt val byggir \u00e1 nokkrum meginsta\u00f0reyndum, \u00fe.e. <i>l\u00f6gm\u00e1li breytileikans<\/i> (einstaklingar eru fr\u00e1brugnir hver \u00f6\u00f0rum); <i>l\u00f6gm\u00e1li erf\u00f0a<\/i> og <i>l\u00f6gm\u00e1linu um mishra\u00f0a \u00e6xlun<\/i> e\u00f0a <i>mismunandi l\u00edfsl\u00edkur<\/i>. \u00deessi l\u00f6gm\u00e1l stj\u00f3rna \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sumir einstaklingar veljast n\u00e1tt\u00farulega fram yfir a\u00f0ra, \u00fe.e. \u00feeir h\u00e6fustu lifa af (sem\u00a0eru reyndar ekki or\u00f0 Darwins\u00a0heldur Herberts Spencer). Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta hefur seinna veri\u00f0 b\u00e6tt <i>bar\u00e1ttu fyrir l\u00edfinu<\/i>, sem er starfr\u00e6n \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a\u00a0fyrir \u00feri\u00f0ja l\u00f6gm\u00e1linu. Sj\u00e1lfur ger\u00f0i Darwin greinarmun \u00e1 <i>n\u00e1tt\u00farlegu vali<\/i> og <i>kynju\u00f0u vali<\/i>, sem er bar\u00e1tta milli karld\u00fdra um yfirr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir kvend\u00fdrum, en \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari t\u00edmum hefur \u00feetta veri\u00f0 fellt saman.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00deeir sem halda fram \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum kenningum um si\u00f0blindu sty\u00f0ja m\u00e1l sitt yfirleitt \u00e1 \u00feessa lei\u00f0:<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">18<\/font><\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">&#8211;<b> Si\u00f0blinda sem auknar l\u00edfsl\u00edkur<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">L\u00edklega \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist samf\u00e9lag manna \u00ed s\u00e6milega st\u00f6\u00f0ugum h\u00f3pum \u00fear sem r\u00edktu reglur, traust og gagnkv\u00e6mni (<i>reciprocal altruism<\/i>). \u00cd svona h\u00f3pi gafst f\u00e6ri \u00e1 breytilegri a\u00f0fer\u00f0arfr\u00e6\u00f0i (<i>alternative strategy<\/i>) sem f\u00f3lst \u00ed a\u00f0 svindla og notf\u00e6ra s\u00e9r a\u00f0ra \u00fat \u00ed ystu \u00e6sar.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Skv.\u00a0\u00feessum \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu p\u00e6lingum\u00a0er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu sem f\u00f6tlun e\u00f0a galla heldur skipulegan, starfr\u00e6nan og\u00a0 s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0an hluta svipger\u00f0ar (<i>phenotype<\/i>) sem j\u00f3k l\u00edkurnar \u00e1 a\u00f0 komast af \u00ed samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum sem einkenndust af samvinnu.\u00a0 Sumir halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast hafi s\u00e9rst\u00f6k arfger\u00f0 (<i>genotype<\/i>) si\u00f0blindra. \u00c1hrifar\u00edkur svindlari var\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera sj\u00e1lfselskur, kaldlyndur, heillandi og \u00e1r\u00e1sargjarn. Kenningin segir a\u00f0\u00a0\u00feessar tv\u00e6r l\u00edfs\u00f6gustrateg\u00edur, \u00fe.e. samvinna og svindl, s\u00e9u t\u00ed\u00f0nih\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00fear sem si\u00f0blinda er st\u00f6\u00f0ug me\u00f0 l\u00e1ga t\u00ed\u00f0ni. Ef margir hef\u00f0u teki\u00f0 upp \u00feessa breytni hef\u00f0i samvinnum\u00f6nnum f\u00e6kka\u00f0 a\u00f0 sama skapi og \u00feeir\u00a0veri\u00f0 meir \u00e1 ver\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/ulfur_lamb.jpg?resize=127%2C141\" alt=\"\u00dalfur \ufffd sau\u00f0ag\u00e6ru\" align=\"left\" height=\"141\" width=\"127\" \/><font size=\"-1\">Til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i borga\u00f0 sig a\u00f0 rj\u00fafa samst\u00f6\u00f0u e\u00f0a svindla \u00feurftu eftirfarandi skilyr\u00f0i a\u00f0 vera fyrir hendi \u00ed mannlegu samf\u00e9lagsh\u00f3punum: Flestir me\u00f0limir h\u00f3psins v\u00e6ru mj\u00f6g hlynntir samvinnu; \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra sig milli h\u00f3pa og \u00fea\u00f0 reyndist m\u00f6nnum d\u00fdrkeypt a\u00f0 fletta ofan af \u00feeim sem ryfu samst\u00f6\u00f0una. M\u00e1 \u00edmynda s\u00e9r a\u00f0 ef \u00feessi skilyr\u00f0i v\u00e6ru ekki fyrir hendi og h\u00f3purinn kannski nokku\u00f0 jafnt samsettur af \u00feeim sem vinna saman og \u00feeim sem rj\u00fafa samst\u00f6\u00f0u\/svindla \u00fe\u00e1 hef\u00f0i sl\u00edkt valdi\u00f0 \u00e1rangurslausum sk\u00e6rum milli h\u00f3panna og samvinnumennirnir hef\u00f0u \u00feurft a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 t\u00e1num til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 vi\u00f0 svindlurunum. Ef ekki v\u00e6ri unnt a\u00f0 flytjast \u00far einum h\u00f3p \u00ed annan hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 valdi\u00f0 bannf\u00e6ringu og jafnvel dau\u00f0a svindlaranna. Sama m\u00e1li gilti ef enginn kostna\u00f0ur hlytist af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 afhj\u00fapa svindlarana \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 v\u00e6ri au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fafa \u00feeim sem g\u00e6ti einnig or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feeim a\u00f0 bana.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00deessi \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega kenning um si\u00f0blindu f\u00e6r stu\u00f0ning af leikjafr\u00e6\u00f0i. S\u00edgilt d\u00e6mi \u00far leikjafr\u00e6\u00f0i er <i>\u00d3g\u00f6ngur fanganna<\/i> e\u00f0a <i>Val\u00fer\u00f6ng fanganna<\/i>. \u00deegar \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur koma upp \u00ed fyrsta sinn (e\u00f0a fyrstu f\u00e1u skiptin) gr\u00e6\u00f0ir s\u00e1 sem sv\u00edkur f\u00e9laga sinn. En \u00feegar \u00feetta gerist aftur og aftur borgar sig a\u00f0 vera samvinnuf\u00fas og einnig m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 f\u00e9laginn hafi l\u00e6rt \u00e1 sviksemi hins.<\/font><b><sup><font size=\"-2\">19<\/font><\/sup><\/b><font size=\"-1\"> Skv. leikjafr\u00e6\u00f0inni munu l\u00edtil, samheldin samf\u00e9l\u00f6g halda ni\u00f0ri (en ekki \u00fatr\u00fdma) sviksamri heg\u00f0un. \u00dea\u00f0 sem skiptir m\u00e1li \u00ed \u00feessu er st\u00e6r\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagsins; \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota svindl-strateg\u00edu endurteki\u00f0 gegn \u00feeim s\u00f6mu og halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00e1rangri. \u00deess vegna er l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00ed litlum samf\u00e9l\u00f6gum hafi si\u00f0blindir fyrr e\u00f0a s\u00ed\u00f0ar fengi\u00f0 \u00e1 sig illt or\u00f0, yfirgefi\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast refsingu og haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 n\u00fdjar vei\u00f0ilendur. F\u00e6rsla milli samf\u00e9laga hef\u00f0i auki\u00f0 l\u00edkur si\u00f0blindra \u00e1 a\u00f0 dreifa s\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ednu sem v\u00ed\u00f0ast.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">&#8211; <b>Si\u00f0blinda sem a\u00f0l\u00f6gunarh\u00e6fni<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Tilfinningalegir, vitsmunalegir og atferlis-\u00fe\u00e6ttir si\u00f0blindra eru s\u00e9rh\u00e6ft og skiplagt gangverk (<i>mechaniscm<\/i>) sem \u00fdtir undir l\u00edfv\u00e6nlegra \u00e6xlunarferli og auknar l\u00edfsl\u00edkur \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3unars\u00f6gu mannsins. Heg\u00f0un eins og \u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0ir, nau\u00f0ganir og mor\u00f0 eru t.d. verkf\u00e6ri sem si\u00f0blindir nota til a\u00f0 svindla;\u00a0notf\u00e6ra s\u00e9r a\u00f0ra til a\u00f0 h\u00e6kka sig \u00ed sessi, n\u00e1 auknum efnislegum g\u00e6\u00f0um og koma genum s\u00ednum \u00e1fram me\u00f0 sem minnstum tilkostna\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum skilningi er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 makast \u00fea\u00f0 sama og deyja ungur. S\u00e1 sem ekki makast leggur engin gen til n\u00e6stu kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ar. Sumt bendir til \u00feess a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir geti h\u00e1marka\u00f0 \u00e6xlunarh\u00e6fni s\u00edna me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0 reyna sitt \u00edtrasta til p\u00f6runar fr\u00e1 unga aldri. \u00deetta \u00f6fluga \u00e1tak felur \u00ed s\u00e9r m\u00f6rg stutt og \u00f3\u00e1byrg samb\u00f6nd vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda kvenna. Mikil \u00e1hersla \u00e1 m\u00f6kun (<i>high mating effort<\/i>) tengist svindl-h\u00e6fninni \u00fev\u00ed si\u00f0blindir hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 tilb\u00fanir a\u00f0 beita prettum, \u00e1samt k\u00fagun, til a\u00f0 komast yfir maka. Lausl\u00e6ti si\u00f0blindra og m\u00f6rg stutt samb\u00f6nd vi\u00f0 hitt kyni\u00f0 eru e.t.v. merki fornar a\u00f0l\u00f6gunarh\u00e6fni sem hefur vi\u00f0haldist \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu vegna \u00feess s\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 stu\u00f0lar a\u00f0 meiri \u00e6xlun.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir eru sl\u00e6mir foreldrar. Arfgengt \u00e1stand sem l\u00e9ti foreldra vanr\u00e6kja e\u00f0a misnota afkv\u00e6mi s\u00edn myndi ekki teljast a\u00f0l\u00f6gun. \u00de\u00e1 sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 si\u00f0blinda er enn a\u00f0 finna og \u00feeir d\u00f3u ekki \u00fat m\u00e1 \u00fatsk\u00fdra \u00feannig a\u00f0 karlkyns si\u00f0blindir hafi fr\u00e1 \u00e6vafornu fari treyst \u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e6\u00f0urnar \u00f6nnu\u00f0ust afkv\u00e6min og hafi jafnvel \u00ed m\u00f6kun ve\u00f0ja\u00f0 \u00e1 magn umfram g\u00e6\u00f0i (<i>quantity-over-quality trade off<\/i>) til a\u00f0 tryggja sem mesta vi\u00f0komu.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra kynjamun \u00ed si\u00f0blindu og r\u00f3f si\u00f0blindueinkenna hefur veri\u00f0 sett fram tveggja \u00ferepa kenning eitthva\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessa lei\u00f0:<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir eru \u00e1 ysta v\u00e6ng e\u00f0lilegrar dreifingar og erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00feeirra er annars vegar fj\u00f6lgena (<i>polygenic<\/i>) og takmarkast hins vegar vi\u00f0 kyn (<i>sex-limited<\/i>). (Kyntakm\u00f6rku\u00f0 gen eru til sta\u00f0ar \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjum en koma fram \u00ed mismunandi svipger\u00f0, t.d. skeggvexti karla e\u00f0a brj\u00f3stum kvenna.) Ef st\u00f3r hluti \u00feeirra gena sem valda si\u00f0blindu virkjast af test\u00f3ster\u00f3ni e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0ru karlhorm\u00f3ni munu miklu fleiri karlar en konur s\u00fdna si\u00f0blindu \u00fe\u00f3tt genafj\u00f6ldinn s\u00e9 s\u00e1 sami \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjunum. \u00deetta felur \u00fe\u00e1 einnig \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 erf\u00f0abyr\u00f0i si\u00f0blindrar konu \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera meiri en karla til a\u00f0 r\u00f6skunin (si\u00f0blindan) komi fram.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr width=\"100%\" \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><font size=\"-2\"><b>1<\/b> Cleckley, Hervey M. 1988, 5. \u00fatg. <i>The Mask of Sanity<\/i>, s. 24 \u00ed pdf-\u00fatg\u00e1fu af b\u00f3kinni \u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cassiopaea.org\/cass\/sanity_1.PdF\">http:\/\/www.cassiopaea.org\/cass\/sanity_1.PdF<\/a>. (B\u00f3kin kom fyrst \u00fat 1941.) Vista\u00f0 \u00ed jan\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n<font size=\"-2\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>2<\/b> Vilji menn lesa n\u00e1nar um ger\u00f0 heilans og tilfinningar bendi \u00e9g \u00e1 <i><a href=\"http:\/\/lff0303.files.wordpress.com\/2006\/09\/hvelaheili_1.pdf\">HVELAHEILI: UPPBYGGING<\/a><\/i>, sem vir\u00f0ast vera einhvers konar gl\u00f3sur og fylgja sk\u00fdrar myndir me\u00f0. Einnig er f\u00ednt a\u00f0 glugga \u00ed fj\u00f6lgreindarkenningu Gardners, sj\u00e1 t.d. Erla Kristj\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir. 2002. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.doktor.is\/index.php?option=com_d-greinar&amp;Itemid=0&amp;do=view_grein&amp;id_grein=2069\">Hugtaki\u00f0 tilfinningagreind<\/a>\u201c \u00e1\u00a0 <i>Doktor.is<\/i> og Erla Kristj\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir, \u00f3\u00e1rsett. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ismennt.is\/vefir\/fjarnogk\/Nogksam\/Gardner\/greind.html\"><i>3. kennslubr\u00e9f \/ vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarefni<\/i>: <i>Fj\u00f6lgreindarkenningin: Yfirlitstafla<\/i><\/a>, \u00e1 vef <i>\u00cdsmenntar<\/i>. Sj\u00e1 einnig lokin \u00e1 svari J\u00f3ns M\u00e1s Halld\u00f3rssonar vi\u00f0 spurningunni \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/visindavefur.hi.is\/svar.asp?id=3160\">Hvernig \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist heilinn \u00ed hryggd\u00fdrum?<\/a>\u201c \u00e1 <i>V\u00edsindavef<\/i>\u00a0 21. 2. 2003. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 9. febr\u00faar.2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>3<\/b> Hare, Robert D. \u201eForty years aren&#8217;t enough: Recollections, prognostications, and random musings\u201c \u00ed <i>The Psychopath: Theory, Research, and Practice<\/i>, 2007, s. 15. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books?hl=is&amp;lr=&amp;id=NzhylqWiPxIC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA3&amp;dq=%22Wong,+S.,+%26+Hare,+R.D.%22&amp;ots=th16_KIODZ&amp;sig=wzStgvO0lY-jfr63XS7LRuXboD0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">B\u00e6kur Google<\/a><\/i> 9. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>4<\/b> \u00cd umfj\u00f6llun um heilamyndat\u00f6ku er einkum stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 eftirtaldar heimildir:<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Koenigs, M., A. Baskin-Sommers, J. Zeier og J. P. Newman. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/mp\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/full\/mp2010124a.html\">Investigating the neural correlates of psychopathy: a critical review<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Molecular Psychiatry <\/i>7. desember 2010. Einungis var sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00fatdr\u00e1ttur og <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/mp\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/fig_tab\/mp2010124t1.html\">yfirlitstafla yfir fyrri ranns\u00f3knir og ni\u00f0ust\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/a>, \u00feann 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Pridmore, Saxby, Amber Chambers og\u00a0 Milford McArthur. 2005. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk\/SocialClub\/pridmore-neuroimagingpsychopathy.pdf\">Neuroimaging in psychopathy<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry<\/i> 39.\u00e1rg 10.tbl. okt\u00f3ber 2005, s. 856\u2013865. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011. (Tafla yfir fyrri rannns\u00f3knir og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur er \u00e1 s. 858-861.)<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Wahlund, Katarina, H\u00e5kan Fischer, Thomas Dierks, Lars-Olof Wahlund, Maria Kristoffersen Wiberg, Tomas Jonsson og Marianne Kristiansson. 2009. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lakartidningen.se\/store\/articlepdf\/1\/11294\/LKT0906s361_365.pdf\">Psykopati och hj\u00e4rnavbildning \u2013 en litteraturgenomg\u00e5ng. Med fokus s\u00e4rskilt p\u00e5 funktionell magnetisk resonanstomografi<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>L\u00e4kartidningen<\/i> 106. \u00e1rg. 6.tbl., s. 361-365. L\u00e4kartidningen F\u00f6rlag AB og Sveriges l\u00e4karf\u00f6rbund. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Wahlund, Katarina og Marianne Kristiansson. 2009.\u00a0 \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6V7W-4W75RS6-2-1&amp;_cdi=5853&amp;_user=712601&amp;_pii=S0160252709000508&amp;_origin=search&amp;_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2009&amp;_sk=999679995&amp;view=c&amp;wchp=dGLbVlW-zSkzV&amp;md5=8adb94622bc85a6878a9bc012df7ee93&amp;ie=\/sdarticle.pdf\">Aggression, psychopathy and brain imaging \u2014 Review and future recommendations<\/a>\u201c\u00a0 \u00ed <i>International Journal of Law and Psychiatry<\/i> 32.\u00e1rg. 4.tbl. j\u00fal\u00ed-\u00e1g\u00fast 2009, s. 266-271. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Yang Y., A. Raine, K.L. Narr, P. Colletti og A.W. Toga. 2009. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/dionysus.psych.wisc.edu\/lit\/articles\/yangy2009a.pdf\">Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Archive of\u00a0 General\u00a0 Psychiatry<\/i> 66.\u00e1rg. 9.tbl. september 2009, s. 986-94. \u00cd pdf-skjalinu sem h\u00e9r er kr\u00e6kt \u00ed eru litmyndir af heila sem s\u00fdna ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar. \u00deetta er eina greinin sem \u00e9g fann sem vitnar til ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 heilastarfsemi d\u00fdra en \u00fe\u00e6r ranns\u00f3knir vir\u00f0ast hafa leitt hi\u00f0 sama \u00ed lj\u00f3s og heilask\u00f6nnun si\u00f0blindra.\u00a0 Einnig vitna Yang og f\u00e9lagar \u00ed ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 heilask\u00f6\u00f0u\u00f0u f\u00f3lki og sj\u00faklingum me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0na ger\u00f0 af flogaveiki. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>5<\/b> Margar atferlisranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00f3tti kviknar ekki n\u00e6rri eins glatt \u00ed si\u00f0blindum og \u00f6\u00f0rum (stundum er \u00feetta or\u00f0a\u00f0 sem \u201e\u00f3e\u00f0lileg seinkun vi\u00f0brag\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00f3ttakveikju\u201c)\u00a0 Sumir atferlissinnar, einkum David Lykken, hafa tali\u00f0 \u00feennan skort \u00e1 \u00f3ttavi\u00f0brag\u00f0i vera megineinkenni og meginors\u00f6k si\u00f0blindu. \u00cd mj\u00f6g einf\u00f6ldu\u00f0u m\u00e1li felst r\u00f6ksemdaf\u00e6rslan \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e9lagsm\u00f3tun s\u00e9 a\u00f0 m\u00f6rgu leyti bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f3tta (e\u00f0a\u00a0 \u201ebrennt barn for\u00f0ast eldinn\u201c) og skorti \u00feennan \u00f3tta valdi \u00fea\u00f0 miklum truflunum \u00e1 \u00feroska einstaklings. \u00dea\u00f0 sk\u00fdri m.a. andf\u00e9lagslega heg\u00f0un og jafnvel einhverja fleiri \u00fe\u00e6tti si\u00f0blindu. Af \u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g hef a\u00f0allega byggt \u00e1 kenningum Roberts D. Hare og fylgismanna hans hef \u00e9g ekkert fjalla\u00f0 um kenningar Lykken og hans sporg\u00f6ngumanna \u00ed \u00feessum f\u00e6rslum um si\u00f0blindu en hvet \u00e1hugasama til a\u00f0 fletta upp greinum hans \u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.is\/\">Fr\u00e6\u00f0asetri Google<\/a>.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>6<\/b> Yang, Y., A. Raine, T. Lencz, S. Bihrle, L. LaCasse og P. Colletti. 2005. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6T4S-4FTXXN7-1-1&amp;_cdi=4982&amp;_user=712601&amp;_pii=S0006322305000983&amp;_origin=browse&amp;_zone=rslt_list_item&amp;_coverDate=05%2F15%2F2005&amp;_sk=999429989&amp;wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzV&amp;md5=4a2052f03ba00a706a91b2f43d083524&amp;ie=\/sdarticle.pdf\">Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>Biological Psychiatry<\/i>, 57.\u00e1rg. 10.tbl. 2005. s. 1103-1108. \u00cd annarri ranns\u00f3kn var s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 drekinn (<i>hippocampus<\/i>) v\u00e6ri \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi \u00ed frumsi\u00f0blindum en annars stigs si\u00f0blindum en jafnframt sleginn s\u00e1 varnagli a\u00f0 \u00fartaki\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 ansi l\u00edti\u00f0. Sj\u00e1 Raine, A., S.S. Ishikawa, E. Arce, T. Lencz, K.H. Knuth, S. Bihrle o.fl.. 2004. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science?_ob=MImg&amp;_imagekey=B6T4S-4BFTWB5-B-4&amp;_cdi=4982&amp;_user=712601&amp;_pii=S0006322303007273&amp;_origin=browse&amp;_zone=rslt_list_item&amp;_coverDate=01%2F15%2F2004&amp;_sk=999449997&amp;wchp=dGLzVlb-zSkzk&amp;md5=2e235816b318f0f9301d3a72662bb1c9&amp;ie=\/sdarticle.pdf\">Hippocampal structural asymmetry in unsuccessful psychopaths<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>Biological Psychiatry<\/i>, 55. \u00e1rg. 2.tbl. 2004, s.185-191. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum \u00feann 10. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>7<\/b> \u00deur\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00deorbjarnard\u00f3ttir. 2003. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/visindavefur.hi.is\/svar.php?id=3766\">Hva\u00f0 gerir d\u00f3pam\u00edn?<\/a>\u201c Svar \u00e1 <i>V\u00edsindavef<\/i> 30. 9. 2003. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>8<\/b> G\u00edsli Ragnarsson. 2004. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lydheilsustod.is\/greinar\/greinasafn\/afengi\/nr\/808\">V\u00edmuefnaf\u00edkn er heilasj\u00fakd\u00f3mur<\/a>\u201c \u00e1 vef <i>L\u00fd\u00f0heilsust\u00f6\u00f0var<\/i>. Dagsett 16. 11. 2004. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 13. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>9<\/b> \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2010\/03\/100314150924.htm\">Psychopaths&#8217; Brains Wired to Seek Rewards, No Matter the Consequences<\/a>\u201c \u00e1 <i>ScienceDaily<\/i> 15. mars 1010. \u00cd greininni er sagt fr\u00e1 ranns\u00f3kn Joshua W. Buckholtz o.fl. sem lesa m\u00e1 um \u00ed Buckholtz, Joshua W.,\u00a0 Michael T. Treadway, Ronald L. Cowan, Neil D. Woodward, Stephen D. Benning,\u00a0 Rui Li,\u00a0 M. Sib Ansari, Ronald M. Baldwin, Ashley N. Schwartzman, Evan S. Shelby, Clarence E. Smith, David Cole, Robert M. Kessler og David H. Zald. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/neuro\/journal\/v13\/n4\/full\/nn.2510.html\">Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Nature Neuroscience<\/i>, 13. \u00e1gr. 2010, s. 419-421. Einungis \u00fatdr\u00e1tturinn var sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00e1 vefnum og <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/neuro\/journal\/v13\/n4\/extref\/nn.2510-S1.pdf\">myndir sem s\u00fdna ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur ranns\u00f3knarinnar<\/a>. \u00deessar vefs\u00ed\u00f0ur voru sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>10<\/b> Hei\u00f0a Mar\u00eda Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir. Svar vi\u00f0 spurningunni \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/visindavefur.hi.is\/svar.php?id=6507\">Hva\u00f0a tilgangi \u00fej\u00f3nar ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn \u00ed heilanum? Hverjar eru aflei\u00f0ingarnar ef starfsemi \u00feess er raska\u00f0?<\/a>\u201c \u00e1 <i>V\u00edsindavef<\/i>\u00a0 21. 2. 2007. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>11<\/b> Siever, Larry J. 2002. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.psychiatrictimes.com\/display\/article\/10168\/47131\">Neurobiology of Impulsive-Aggressive Personality-Disordered Patients<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Psychiatric Times<\/i>, 19.\u00e1rg. 81.tbl., \u00e1g\u00fast 2002. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>12<\/b> Sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 yfirlit yfir 13 tv\u00edburaranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 arfgengi si\u00f0blindu \u00ed Viding, Essi og Henrik Larsson. 2010. \u201eGenetics of Child and Adolescence Psychopathy\u201c, \u00ed\u00a0 <i><a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.is\/books?id=Peoif-CmWUkC&amp;pg=PA198&amp;lpg=PA198&amp;dq=%22A+genetic+factor+explains+most+of+the+variation+in+the+psychopathic+personality%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=pHw4njRUHU&amp;sig=5M40xJjb-4u7iBtWDXizJRYHAoA&amp;hl=is&amp;ei=MM84TeWnGse7hAfe-tCoCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&amp;q=%22A%20genetic%20factor%20explains%20most%20of%20the%20variation%20in%20the%20psychopathic%20personality%22&amp;f=false\">Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychopathy<\/a><\/i>, s. 117- 119 (ritstj\u00f3rar Randall T. Salekin, Donald R. Lynam). Guilford Press. A\u00f0gengilegt \u00e1 <i>B\u00e6kur Google<\/i> og sko\u00f0a\u00f0 20.1. 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>13<\/b> Brook, Michael, Matthew S. Panizzon, David S. Kosson,\u00a0 Elizabeth A. Sullivan,\u00a0 Michael J. Lyons, Carol E. Franz, Seth A. Eisen, William S. Kremen. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atypon-link.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1521\/pedi.2010.24.4.473\">Psychopathic Personality Traits in Middle-Aged Male Twins: A Behavior Genetic Investigation<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Journal of Personality Disorders<\/i>, 24.\u00e1rg. 4.tbl. \u00e1g\u00fast 2010. Einungis \u00fatdr\u00e1tturinn var sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00e1 vefnum \u00feann 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>14<\/b> Baschetti, Riccardo. 2008. &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/apps.isiknowledge.com\/full_record.do?product=WOS&amp;colname=WOS&amp;search_mode=CitingArticles&amp;qid=5&amp;SID=R14LBIkl9ho1eDb@Km@&amp;page=2&amp;doc=15\">Genetic evidence that Darwin was right about criminality: Nature, not nurture<\/a>\u201c \u00ed Medical Hypotheses, 70.\u00e1rg. 6.tbl. 2008, s. 1092-1102. Einungis \u00fatdr\u00e1tturinn var sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00e1 vefnum \u00feann 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>15<\/b> Ferguson, Christopher J. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tamiu.edu\/~CFERGUSON\/evmeta.pdf\">Genetic Contributions to Antisocial Personality and Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review From an Evolutionary Perspective<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>The Journal of Social Psychology<\/i>, 150.\u00e1rg. 2.tbl. 2010, s. 160\u2013180. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum \u00feann 10. febr\u00faar 2011. M\u00e9r er ekki lj\u00f3st hvers vegna 2% vantar upp \u00e1 heildarsummuna 100% en reikna me\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sk\u00fdrist af \u00fev\u00ed t\u00f6lurnar s\u00e9u allar r\u00fanna\u00f0ar af.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>16<\/b> Larsson,\u00a0 Henrik, Catherine Tuvblad, Fruhling V. Rijsdijk, Henrik Andershed, Martin Grann, Paul Lichtenstein. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&amp;aid=638092\">A common genetic factor explains the association between psychopathic personality and antisocial behavior<\/a>\u201c\u00a0 \u00ed <i>Psychological Medicine<\/i>, 37.\u00e1rg. 1.tbl., jan. 2007, s. 15-26. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>17<\/b> Forsman, Mats. 2009. <i><a href=\"http:\/\/diss.kib.ki.se\/2009\/978-91-7409-543-2\/thesis.pdf\">Psychopatich Personality in Adolescence &#8211; Genetic and Environmental Influences<\/a><\/i> (doktorsritger\u00f0). The Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0. Ritger\u00f0ina m\u00e1 n\u00e1lgast \u00e1 vefnum og h\u00fan var sko\u00f0u\u00f0 20.1. 2011. Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar um ranns\u00f3kn og ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Forsman \u00ed ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgrein nr. 16 \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni <a href=\"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2011-01-21\/born-sidblindra\/\">B\u00f6rn si\u00f0blindra<\/a>.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>18<\/b> \u00cd samantekt \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum tilg\u00e1tum um si\u00f0blindu var stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 :<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Glenn, Andrea L. og Adrian Raine. 2009. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~aglenn\/Glenn_IJLP2009.pdf\">Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological and legal perspectives<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>International Journal of Law and Psychiatry<\/i> 32. \u00e1rg. 4.tbl. j\u00fal\u00ed-\u00e1g\u00fast 2009, s. 253\u2013258. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Harris, Grant T., Marnie E. Rice; N. Zoe Hilton; Martin L. Lalumi\u00e8re og Vernon L. Quinse. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/psycserver.psyc.queensu.ca\/quinsey\/pdf\/Psychopathy\/Harrisetal2007JPD-PsychopathicSexuality.pdf\">Coercive and Precocious Sexuality as a Fundamental Aspect of Psychopathy<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Journal of Personality Disorders<\/i> 21.\u00e1rg. 1.tbl. febr\u00faar 2007, s. 1-27. S\u00f3tt af vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Kopenhaver, Brent. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.disclose.tv\/forum\/the-psychopath-a-new-subspecies-of-homo-sapien-t21734.html\">The Psychopath: A New Subspecies of Homo Sapiens<\/a>\u201c \u00e1 <i>Disclose tv. Truth revealed<\/i>, 9. ma\u00ed 2010. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Lalumi\u00e9re, Martin L., Grant T. Harris og Marnie E. Rice. 2001. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/courses.washington.edu\/evpsych\/Lalumiere%20et%20al%20on%20psychopathology%20-%20EHB2001.pdf\">Psychopathy and Developmental Instability<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Evolution and Human Behaviour<\/i> 22. \u00e1rg. 2001, s. 75-92. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Lalumi\u00e9re, Martin L., Sandeep Mishra og Grant Harris. 2008. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/people.uleth.ca\/~sandeep.mishra\/LalumiereMishraHarris2008.pdf\">In Cold Blood. The Evolution of Psychopathy<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Evolutionary Forensic Psychology<\/i>. s. 176-197. Ritstj\u00f3rar Duntley, J. og\u00a0 T.K. Shackelford. 2008.\u00a0 Oxford University Press. S\u00f3tt af vefnum af s\u00ed\u00f0u Sandeep Mishra \u00feann 12. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">McKibbin, William F., Todd K. Shackelford, Aaron T. Goetz og Valerie G. Stratt. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/courses.washington.edu\/evpsych\/why%20men%20rape.pdf\">Why Do Men Rape? An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>Review of General Psychology<\/i>, 12. \u00e1rg., 1. tbl. 2008, s. 86-97. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Mealey, Linda. 1995. \u201eThe Sociobiology of Sociopathy: An Integrated Evolutionary Model\u201c sem birtist \u00ed <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences<\/i> 18.\u00e1rg. 3.tbl. 1995, s. 523-599. Einnig m\u00e1 finna greinina \u00ed <i>Evolution and the Human Mind: Modularity, Language and Meta-Cognition<\/i>. 2000, s. 62-92. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Carruthers, Peter og Andrew Chamberlain. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbsonline.org\/Preprints\/OldArchive\/bbs.mealey.html%20(1%20of%2063)%20[04\/01\/2008%2016:28:32]\">Lokauppkast a\u00f0 greininni<\/a> var sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum \u00feann 18. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Murphy, Dominic og Stephen Stich. 2000. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rci.rutgers.edu\/~stich\/Publications\/Papers\/Madhouse.pdf\">Darwin in the Madhouse: Evolutionary Psychology and the Classification of Mental Disorders<\/a>\u201c \u00ed\u00a0 <i>Evolution and the Human Mind: Modularity, Language and Meta-Cognition<\/i>. 2000, s. 62-92. Ritstj\u00f3rar Carruthers, Peter og Andrew Chamberlain. Cambridge University Press.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Pitchford, Ian. 2001. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/ww.human-nature.com\/nibbs\/01\/psychopathy.html?menu=http:\/\/human-nature.com\/kirsner\/\">The Origins of Violence: Is Psychopathy an Adaptation?<\/a>\u201c \u00ed <i>The Human Nature Review<\/i> 1.\u00e1rg. 5. n\u00f3vember 2001, s. 28-36.<\/font><br \/>\n<font size=\"-2\">Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><b>19<\/b> Um \u00d3g\u00f6ngur\/Val\u00fer\u00f6ng fanganna m\u00e1 lesa \u00ed greininni \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mbl.is\/mm\/gagnasafn\/grein.html?grein_id=656504\">Keisari Antarkt\u00edku<\/a>\u201c eftir gmagnus@mbl.is \u00ed <i>Mbl<\/i>. 10. mars, 2002 og v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00e1 erlendum vefs\u00ed\u00f0um, t.d. <i><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prisoner's_dilemma\">Prisoner&#8217;s dilemma<\/a><\/i> \u00e1 <i>Wikipediu<\/i>. Sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00e1 vefnum 15. febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>31. des. 2011: \u00c9g hef ofi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinduf\u00e6rslurnar og \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera \u00fe\u00e6gilegra a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a efni\u00f0 \u00e1 vef heldur en \u00ed \u00feessu bloggumhverfi. Sl\u00f3\u00f0in er: http:\/\/sidblinda.com \u00de\u00f3famj\u00fak r\u00e1nd\u00fdr sem l\u00e6\u00f0ast: Si\u00f0blinda V hluti (finna m\u00e1 fyrri <span class=\"ellipsis\">&hellip;<\/span> <span class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2011\/02\/21\/orsakir-sidblindu\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span>Read More &#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=323"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/323\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=323"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}