{"id":327,"date":"2011-03-05T01:08:41","date_gmt":"2011-03-05T01:08:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2011-03-05\/laekning-sidblindu\/"},"modified":"2011-03-05T01:08:41","modified_gmt":"2011-03-05T01:08:41","slug":"laekning-sidblindu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2011\/03\/05\/laekning-sidblindu\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e6kning si\u00f0blindu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><font size=\"-1\">31. des. 2011: \u00c9g hef ofi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinduf\u00e6rslurnar og \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera \u00fe\u00e6gilegra a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a efni\u00f0 \u00e1 vef heldur en \u00ed \u00feessu bloggumhverfi. Sl\u00f3\u00f0in er:<\/font><font size=\"-1\"><a href=\"http:\/\/sidblinda.com\/\"><strong>http:\/\/sidblinda.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/font><b><font size=\"-1\">\u00de\u00f3famj\u00fak r\u00e1nd\u00fdr sem l\u00e6\u00f0ast: Si\u00f0blinda, V hluti<\/font><\/b><br \/>\n<font size=\"-1\">(finna m\u00e1 fyrri f\u00e6rslur um si\u00f0blindu \u00ed efnisflokknum Si\u00f0blinda, h\u00e9r til h\u00e6gri)<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"2\">\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"2\">\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/fangaklefar.jpg?resize=87%2C122\" alt=\"Fangaklefar\" align=\"left\" height=\"122\" width=\"87\" \/><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00ddmislegt hefur veri\u00f0 reynt til a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a b\u00f3t \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu en \u00e1rangurinn hefur veri\u00f0 afar l\u00edtill og s\u00e1 litli \u00e1rangur sem m\u00e6lst hefur \u00ed sumum ranns\u00f3knum er talinn \u00f3\u00e1rei\u00f0anlegur enda sn\u00e9rust ranns\u00f3knirnar yfirleitt um miklu st\u00e6rri og fj\u00f6lbreyttari h\u00f3p en si\u00f0blinda eing\u00f6ngu. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 Robert D. Hare og J. Reid Meloy er a\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu skili svo til engum \u00e1rangri og geti veri\u00f0 til hins verra, \u00fe.e. gert si\u00f0blinda gl\u00e6pamenn enn h\u00e6ttulegri me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kenna \u00feeim a\u00f0 dylja e\u00f0li sitt betur. \u00deessu hefur veri\u00f0 andm\u00e6lt, annars vegar me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 benda \u00e1 annmarka \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum<b><sup>1<\/sup><\/b> og hins vegar me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stinga upp \u00e1 \u00fdmsum \u00f3pr\u00f3fu\u00f0um e\u00f0a l\u00edttpr\u00f3fu\u00f0um a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem g\u00e6tu komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gagni. M\u00f6nnum er mj\u00f6g \u00ed mun a\u00f0 finna einhverja l\u00e6kningu \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu vegna \u00feess hve h\u00e6ttulegir si\u00f0blindir gl\u00e6pamenn eru og vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir fangar eru \u00ed \u00f3\u00feolandi st\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00deeim er annars vegar sagt a\u00f0 skilor\u00f0 komi ekki til greina nema \u00feeir taki \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er \u00feeim neita\u00f0 um skilor\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru si\u00f0blindir (skora h\u00e1tt \u00e1 PCL-R listanum). \u00cd sama streng og gagnr\u00fdnendur ranns\u00f3kna tekur Robert D. Hare: \u201eEins og er bi\u00f0jum vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinda [fanga] a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0arpr\u00f3gr\u00f6mmum sem eru \u00f3l\u00edkleg til a\u00f0 skila \u00e1rangri og blekkja \u00fe\u00e1 og okkur til a\u00f0 halda a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tttakan s\u00e9 einhvers vir\u00f0i og hafi hagn\u00fdtt gildi fyrir \u00fe\u00e1.\u201c<b><sup>2<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Flestir eru \u00fe\u00f3 samm\u00e1la um tvennt; a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 borgi sig a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna hli\u00f0arkvilla sem si\u00f0blindir eru oft haldnir, t.d. ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi, kv\u00ed\u00f0a e\u00f0a ge\u00f0klofa og reyna a\u00f0 draga \u00far misnotkun v\u00edmuefna.<b><sup>3 <\/sup><\/b>Hitt er a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 hugsanlega h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 vinna einhvern bug \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu s\u00e9 gripi\u00f0 n\u00f3gu snemma \u00ed taumana, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 r\u00f6skunin s\u00e9 greind strax \u00e1 barnaldri e\u00f0a unglingsaldri. Ranns\u00f3knir og greining \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu \u00ed b\u00f6rnum og unglingum fela \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed s\u00e9r m\u00f6rg si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l og eru vandme\u00f0farnar.<b><sup>4<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur reynt a\u00f0 rekja helstu a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem reyndar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fullor\u00f0inna si\u00f0blindra og hugmyndir um a\u00f0 si\u00f0blinda ver\u00f0i minna \u00e1berandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem si\u00f0blindir eldast.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">A\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00e1 heila, me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 heila og notkun t\u00f6lvut\u00e6kni til breytinga \u00e1 heila<\/font><\/b><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/lobotomia.jpg?resize=160%2C173\" alt=\"L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\ufffda, hv\ufffdtuskur\u00f0ur\" align=\"left\" height=\"173\" width=\"160\" \/><font size=\"-1\">\u00c1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar naut svonefnd <i>l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda<\/i> (reyndar var um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a nokkrar mismunandi \u00fatg\u00e1fur af \u00feessari skur\u00f0a\u00f0ger\u00f0) geysilegrar hylli til l\u00e6kninga ge\u00f0r\u00e6nna kvilla af \u00f3tr\u00falega fj\u00f6lbreyttu tagi. \u00deetta gat veri\u00f0 l\u00edfsh\u00e6ttuleg a\u00f0ger\u00f0 og \u00e1rangurinn vafasamur, \u00fe.e. sj\u00faklingar ur\u00f0u oft sk\u00e1rri af s\u00ednum ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi en ur\u00f0u \u00ed sta\u00f0inn \u00f3virkir, jafnvel h\u00e1lfgert gr\u00e6nmeti eins og s\u00e9st \u00ed \u00feeirri fr\u00e6gu mynd <i>Gaukshrei\u00f0rinu<\/i>. Einhvern veginn hlj\u00f3mar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6fugsn\u00fai\u00f0, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 n\u00fa er vita\u00f0, a\u00f0 skera sundur hvelatengsl \u00ed si\u00f0blindum e\u00f0a hr\u00e6ra \u00ed \u00feeim \u00fev\u00ed vanstarfsemi \u00ed hvelatengslum er talin sk\u00fdra si\u00f0blindu a\u00f0 einhverju leyti. \u00cd l\u00f3b\u00f3b\u00f3mt\u00edu-tilraunum \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 kom l\u00edka \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir fangar ur\u00f0u enn si\u00f0blindari eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina. \u00c1 danskri loka\u00f0ri r\u00e9ttarge\u00f0deild voru ger\u00f0ar sams konar tilraunir \u00e1 sex f\u00f6ngum sem taldir voru si\u00f0blindir. Menn t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 tveir hef\u00f0u hloti\u00f0 bata af og geta\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu \u00e1 eftir, \u00fer\u00edr \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust af erfi\u00f0um ge\u00f0r\u00e6num kvillum eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina og ekki fer s\u00f6gum af hinum sj\u00f6tta. Svolei\u00f0is a\u00f0 \u00e1rangurinn af l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00ed me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun si\u00f0blindra var l\u00edtill e\u00f0a enginn. (Reyndar hafa menn \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari t\u00edmum efast um j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0an \u00e1rangur l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu yfirleitt, hver sem sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningin var.)<b><sup>5<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Einhverjir velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort n\u00fat\u00edma taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6kningar \u00e1 heila e\u00f0a notkun \u00edgr\u00e6ddra rafskauta (<i>Deep Brain Stimulation<\/i>) geti hugsanlega gagnast vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni. En vegna hinnar skelfilegu reynslu af l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu-a\u00f0ger\u00f0unum sem eitt sinn voru svo vins\u00e6lar er fari\u00f0 mj\u00f6g varlega \u00ed a\u00f0 or\u00f0a \u00feessar hugmyndir.<b><sup>6<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Reynt hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 beita rafl\u00e6kningum (<i>electroconvulsive therapy<\/i>) \u00e1 si\u00f0blinda sj\u00faklinga en f\u00e1ar sl\u00edka tilraunir \u00feykja hafa s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 neinar breytingar \u00e1 kjarnaeinkennum si\u00f0blindu. Hugsanlega g\u00e6ti sl\u00edk me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gagni ef si\u00f0blindir eru einnig haldnir alvarlegu \u00feunglyndi, \u00fe.e. l\u00e6kna\u00f0 hli\u00f0arkvillann.<b><sup>7<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Stungi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 tilfinningastj\u00f3rnun (<i>emotion regulation<\/i>) g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 til b\u00f3ta si\u00f0blindu, sem einhvers konar heilaleikfimi sem virki bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu og geti jafnvel breytt starfsemi m\u00f6ndlungs. Megi fylgjast me\u00f0 sl\u00edku me\u00f0 notkun s\u00e9rstaks raunt\u00edma-starfr\u00e6ns-heilaskanna (<i>real time fMRI<\/i>) og veita sj\u00faklingnum endurgj\u00f6f jafn\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1 t\u00f6lvuskj\u00e1.<b><sup>8 <\/sup><\/b>\u00deessi hugmynd byggir \u00e1 \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00e1lfa upp samhyg\u00f0\/saml\u00ed\u00f0an. F\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00e1rangri s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0ar si\u00f0blindra til \u00feessa sty\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Lyf<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Ger\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 tilraunir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far einkennum \u00fdmiss konar pers\u00f3nuleikaraskana me\u00f0 sefandi lyfjum\/ ge\u00f0rofslyjum, \u00feunglyndislyfjum, li\u00fe\u00edum, bens\u00f3dr\u00edn-lyfjum, \u00f6rvandi lyfjum og krampastillandi lyfjum en f\u00e1ar lyfjatilraunir hafa veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 draga \u00far si\u00f0blindu eins og h\u00fan er skilgreind \u00ed\u00a0greiningarlykli Hare.\u00a0\u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari t\u00edmum hefur lyfjagj\u00f6f \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00f3\u00e1kj\u00f3sanlegur kostur \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu enda er n\u00faor\u00f0i\u00f0 liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 me\u00f0f\u00e6dd pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun sem lyf s\u00e9u \u00f3l\u00edkleg til a\u00f0 vinna bug \u00e1. \u00de\u00e6r tilraunir sem hafa veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 si\u00f0blindum eru flestar gamlar og f\u00f3lust einkum \u00ed notkun \u00f6rvandi lyfja e\u00f0a li\u00fe\u00edums.<\/font><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 li\u00fe\u00edum geti dregi\u00f0 \u00far hvatv\u00edsi og \u00f3\u00fatreiknanlegum skapsveiflum en lyfi\u00f0 getur valdi\u00f0 lei\u00f0inlegum aukaverkunum og \u00fearf a\u00f0 stilla skammt fyrir hvern og einn. \u00cd nokkrum tilraunum til a\u00f0 gefa li\u00fe\u00edum var hluti sj\u00faklinganna (ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra afbrotamanna) me\u00f0 sterk kjarneinkenni si\u00f0blindu en ekki greindur si\u00f0blindur. Li\u00fe\u00edum virtist draga markt\u00e6kt \u00far andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un. (Sheard 1971; Sheard, Marini og\u00a0 Bridges 1976; Rifkin, Quilkin og Carrillo 1972.)<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">\u00de\u00f3tt ekki hafi greinst bein tengsl milli athyglisbrests me\u00f0 ofvirkni (ADHD) og si\u00f0blindu telja margir a\u00f0 \u00feessar raskanir kunni a\u00f0 vera af s\u00f6mu erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu r\u00f3tum runnar og \u00fev\u00ed hafa veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0ar tilraunir me\u00f0 a\u00f0 gefa si\u00f0blindum amfetam\u00edn. Ein langt\u00edma-ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 lyfjagj\u00f6f margra si\u00f0blindra einstaklinga, fr\u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar, gaf\u00a0 til kynna a\u00f0 amfetam\u00edn dr\u00e6gi \u00far andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un \u00feeirra. (Hill, 1944).<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">\u00d6nnur ranns\u00f3kn, sem einungis var athugun \u00e1 \u00feremur si\u00f0blindum, benti til a\u00f0 bens\u00f3dr\u00edn-lyf hef\u00f0i j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrifi \u00e1 skapsveiflur, rei\u00f0ik\u00f6st og pirring. (Shorvon, 1947).<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Tv\u00e6r ranns\u00f3knir hafa leitt \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir eru oft haldnir \u00f6\u00f0rum kvillum l\u00edka (Coid 1992; Walker og McCabe 1973). Hugsanlega m\u00e1 draga m\u00e1 \u00far hli\u00f0arkvillunum me\u00f0 lyfjagj\u00f6f. Bens\u00f3dr\u00ednlyf hafa \u00f6flug \u00e1hrif \u00e1 kv\u00ed\u00f0a og svefnleysi. \u00deeim hefur a\u00f0eins veri\u00f0 beitt \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 si\u00f0blindra, einkum d\u00edazepam, til a\u00f0 draga \u00far heg\u00f0unarvandam\u00e1lum. En bens\u00f3dr\u00ednlyf hafa stundum s\u00fdnt \u00f6fuga verkan e\u00f0a haft sl\u00e6mar aukaverkanir \u00ed skorti \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfstj\u00f3rn, t.d. ofsk\u00f6mmtun og alvarlega sj\u00e1lfsk\u00f6\u00f0un.<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">\u00c1hrif \u00fer\u00edhringlaga \u00feunglyndislyfja \u00e1 \u00feunglynda einstaklinga me\u00f0 pers\u00f3nuleikaraskanir (oftast hafa menn sko\u00f0a\u00f0 ja\u00f0arpers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi) eru miklu minni en \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sem einungis eru \u00feunglyndir. \u00cd sumum tilvikum virtist sj\u00faklingum versna a\u00f0 mun, \u00feeir ur\u00f0u \u00f3vinveittari og hvatv\u00edsari.<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">MAO-blokkar hafa \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00fdna j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi ja\u00f0arpers\u00f3nuleikaraska\u00f0ra og k\u00e6mu e.t.v. til greina sem lyf vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0arkvillanum \u00feunglyndi \u00ed si\u00f0blindum.<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd greinarger\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knar \u00e1 hvernig SSRI-lyf (Citalopram) g\u00e6ti haft \u00e1hrif til b\u00f3ta \u00e1 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegri d\u00f3mgreind og heg\u00f0un, me\u00f0 aukningu ser\u00f3t\u00f3nins, segir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00e9u almennt j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00fe\u00e1 gildi \u00fea\u00f0 ekki um si\u00f0blindu. \u00cd lj\u00f3s kom nefnilega a\u00f0 virknin var h\u00e1\u00f0 h\u00e6fileikanum til saml\u00ed\u00f0unar. \u00dev\u00ed n\u00fdtist lyfi\u00f0 l\u00edklega ekki \u00feeim sem skortir saml\u00ed\u00f0an, s.s. si\u00f0blindum.<b><sup>9<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Hollenski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Willem H. J. Martens, sem er \u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0um mei\u00f0i vi\u00f0 flesta a\u00f0ra \u00ed skilningi og skilgreiningu \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu, heldur \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 Lfenfluramine (Pondimin, Ponderax e\u00f0a Adifax) virki \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu en \u00fea\u00f0 lyf var teki\u00f0 af marka\u00f0i \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997 vegna h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ylli hjartaskemmdum. Lyfi\u00f0 var einkum nota\u00f0 vi\u00f0 offitu \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed lyfjabl\u00f6ndu framkalla\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 sa\u00f0ningartilfinningu.<b><sup>10<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Almennt og yfirleitt m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 ekki hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu megi b\u00e6ta me\u00f0 lyfjagj\u00f6f. Hins vegar geta lyf slegi\u00f0 \u00e1 hli\u00f0arkvilla sem si\u00f0blindir eru oft haldnir.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fdmiss konar<\/font><\/b><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Margs konar s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg me\u00f0fer\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 reynd \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a b\u00f3t \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu. Flestir eru samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 hef\u00f0bundnar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir skili ekki neinum \u00e1rangri. Bent hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 hv\u00f6t \u00feeirra sem eru til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar er venjulega l\u00edtil, b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru oftast skikka\u00f0ir \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 af d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum og a\u00f0 \u00feeir sj\u00e1 enga \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u sj\u00e1lfir til a\u00f0 breyta pers\u00f3nuleikaeinkennum s\u00ednum. Vegna \u00feessa hefur \u00e6 meir veri\u00f0 liti\u00f0 framhj\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f6rfum me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u00feegans (hins si\u00f0blinda) og meiri \u00e1hersla veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft s\u00e9 \u00feiggjandi me\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar; Me\u00f0fer\u00f0in sn\u00faist ekki um a\u00f0 sinna r\u00f6skun sj\u00faklingsins heldur a\u00f0 draga \u00far \u00feeim truflunum og ska\u00f0a sem \u00feeir valda \u00f6\u00f0rum.<b><sup>11<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Nokkrar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feess a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindum n\u00fdtist illa hef\u00f0bundin me\u00f0fer\u00f0 eru taldar \u00feessar:<\/font><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindur getur ekki gert n\u00e1kv\u00e6ma grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sem snertir pers\u00f3nu hans og ger\u00f0ir sem gefur me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila brotakenndar og upplognar s\u00f6gur til a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindur hefur \u00f3hei\u00f0arlegar \u00e6tlanir sem mi\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0skast me\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilann; sj\u00faklingurinn vill \u00ed rauninni ekki breyta heg\u00f0un sinni heldur l\u00edtur \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina sem enn eitt t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri\u00f0 til a\u00f0 blekkja e\u00f0a drottna<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir trufla h\u00f3pme\u00f0fer\u00f0; markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 drottna yfir b\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilanum og h\u00f3pnum<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir sj\u00e1 enga \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u fyrir breytingu pers\u00f3nuleika\u00fe\u00e1tta, sem rekja m\u00e1 til st\u00f3rmennskuhugmynda um eigi\u00f0 \u00e1g\u00e6ti<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blinda skortir skynbrag\u00f0 \u00e1 tilfinningar annarra og eiga erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja sig fram af tilfinningu. Allar tilraunir til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 sj\u00faklinginn til a\u00f0 beina sj\u00f3num s\u00ednum a\u00f0 aflei\u00f0ingum heg\u00f0unar hans \u00e1 anna\u00f0 f\u00f3lk, f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbin, er s\u00f3un \u00e1 orku. Sama gildir um rei\u00f0istj\u00f3rnun.<\/font><\/li>\n<li><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir eiga erfitt me\u00f0 a\u00f0\u00a0l\u00fata reglum og si\u00f0venjum sem nau\u00f0synlegar eru til a\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0in beri raunverulegan \u00e1rangur.<b><sup>12<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Afar erfitt er a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinda og \u00e6ttu einungis mj\u00f6g h\u00e6fir me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilar, sem eru mj\u00f6g vel a\u00f0 s\u00e9r um si\u00f0blindu, a\u00f0 sinna sl\u00edku verkefni. Si\u00f0blindur mun reyna a\u00f0 blekkja me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilann og n\u00e1 stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 honum me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum lymskubr\u00f6g\u00f0um. Athygli vekur a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinda hafa fundi\u00f0 fyrir \u00fdmsum \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1\u00f0um l\u00edkamlegum var\u00fa\u00f0armerkjum \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 alvarlega si\u00f0blinda. \u00deeir l\u00fdsa \u00feessu \u00feannig: \u201eH\u00e1rin risu \u00e1 h\u00f6f\u00f0i m\u00e9r\u201c; \u201eHann l\u00e9t mig f\u00e1 g\u00e6sah\u00fa\u00f0\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eM\u00e9r rann kalt vatn milli skinns og h\u00f6runds vi\u00f0 augnar\u00e1\u00f0 hans.\u201c Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 st\u00f3r meirihluti me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila finni fyrir einhvers konar \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1\u00f0um l\u00edkamlegum vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um af \u00feessu tagi \u00ed n\u00e1vist miki\u00f0 si\u00f0blinds sj\u00faklings, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt hann s\u00fdni enga \u00f3gnandi heg\u00f0un. S\u00e1 sem einkum hefur l\u00fdst \u00feessu telur a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9u \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1\u00f0 frumst\u00e6\u00f0 \u00f3ttavi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 br\u00e1\u00f0ar andsp\u00e6nis r\u00e1nd\u00fdri af s\u00f6mu tegund. Hvatt er til \u00feess a\u00f0 vera vakandi fyrir eigin vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um og nota \u00feau sem vegv\u00edsi \u00ed frekari athugun sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 andf\u00e9lagslegar pers\u00f3nuleikaraskanir.<b><sup>13<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Hvers konar me\u00f0fer\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 reynd?<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li sagt m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 n\u00e6stum allar samtalsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ir, einstaklingsvi\u00f0talsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ir og h\u00f3pme\u00f0fer\u00f0ir hafi veri\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa\u00f0ar til l\u00e6kningar si\u00f0blindu.<b><sup>14<\/sup><\/b> Sumir telja nau\u00f0synlegt a\u00f0 greina milli mismunandi si\u00f0blindra og velja me\u00f0fer\u00f0arform eftir undirtegundum. H\u00f3pi si\u00f0blindra me\u00f0 sterk kjarnaeinkenni si\u00f0blindu er um megn a\u00f0 finna saml\u00ed\u00f0an, finnur l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir kv\u00ed\u00f0a og \u00feunglyndi, skorar h\u00e1tt \u00ed kaldlyndi og sj\u00e1lfsd\u00fdrkun og hneigist til ofbeldis. A\u00f0rir sem greinast mj\u00f6g si\u00f0blindir upplifa mikinn kv\u00ed\u00f0a og \u00feunglyndi og eru oft haldnir hli\u00f0arr\u00f6skunum \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ja\u00f0arpers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun. S\u00ed\u00f0ari h\u00f3pnum m\u00e1 hugsanlega hj\u00e1lpa og \u00feeir einstaklingar hafa getu til a\u00f0 tengjast me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila e\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0gjafa \u00ed einhvers konar bandalagi. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir ekki a\u00f0 gefast eigi upp \u00e1 fyrrnefnda h\u00f3pnum heldur er stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 fyrst s\u00e9 best a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sem eru heldur au\u00f0veldari vi\u00f0fangs \u00e1\u00f0ur en menn sn\u00faa s\u00e9r a\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ari tilfellum.<b><sup>15<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">J. Reid Meloy heldur \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 ekki skuli bj\u00f3\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0 si\u00f0blindum sem s\u00fdna eftirtalin einkenni (enda muni me\u00f0fer\u00f0 ekki gagnast \u00feeim):<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00c1r\u00e1sarargjarna heg\u00f0un og kvalalosta sem lei\u00f0ir til limlestinga \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum; algeran skort \u00e1 eftirsj\u00e1 e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingu fyrrnefndrar heg\u00f0unar; mj\u00f6g mikla greind e\u00f0a l\u00edtilsh\u00e1ttar greindarsker\u00f0ingu; s\u00f6gu um a\u00f0 geta ekki tengst tilfinningab\u00f6ndum og vekja skyndilegan frumst\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00f3tta sem reyndur l\u00e6knir finnur fyrir \u00ed n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0 sl\u00edks sj\u00faklings. Hann hefur gert grein fyrir \u00fdmsum s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum me\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem pr\u00f3fa\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1 si\u00f0blindum og h\u00e6ttunum sem \u00ed hverju me\u00f0fer\u00f0arformi felast. Hann varar s\u00e9rstaklega vi\u00f0 einstaklingsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 og fj\u00f6lskyldume\u00f0fer\u00f0 en telur a\u00f0 h\u00f3pme\u00f0fer\u00f0 komi stundum til greina enda veiti h\u00f3purinn, t.d. a\u00f0rir si\u00f0blindir sem kunna \u00f6ll trixin og svindli\u00f0, \u00feeim si\u00f0blinda a\u00f0hald. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn geti si\u00f0blindur einstaklingur au\u00f0veldlega r\u00fasta\u00f0 h\u00f3pme\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem kemur \u00fe\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum illa.<b><sup>16<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/sar.jpg?resize=110%2C150\" alt=\"Andleg vakning?\" align=\"left\" height=\"150\" width=\"110\" \/><font size=\"-1\">Hollenski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Willem H. J. Martens er \u00e1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0um mei\u00f0i vi\u00f0 flesta a\u00f0ra hva\u00f0 orsakir si\u00f0blindu var\u00f0ar og svo er einnig \u00ed upp\u00e1stungu \u00e1 l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0. Hann m\u00e6lir me\u00f0 andlegri vakningu (<i>Spiritual Psychotherapy<\/i>) sem gagnlegri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir si\u00f0blinda. \u00cd sl\u00edkri andlegri vakningarme\u00f0fer\u00f0 felst t.d. a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a visku og sj\u00e1lfs\u00feekkingu, stunda sj\u00e1lfsranns\u00f3kn, l\u00e6ra hvernig skuli takast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 einsemd, sorg e\u00f0a mist\u00f6k, hvernig megi tengjast \u00f6\u00f0ru f\u00f3lki, vera \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra og \u00fer\u00f3a eigin si\u00f0areglur. \u00cd sl\u00edkri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 megi taka d\u00e6mi \u00far b\u00f3kmenntum, heimspeki, m\u00e1lverkum, leikritum, t\u00f3nlist, kvikmyndum o.s.fr. en \u00fea\u00f0 er mj\u00f6g mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00feessi d\u00e6mi tengist a\u00f0alvanda sj\u00faklingsins og spurningum hans. Einnig m\u00e1 beita huglei\u00f0slu, \u00f6ndunar\u00e6fingum, kyrja, gera s\u00e9r \u00ed hugarlund, hverfa til fyrra l\u00edfs o.fl. Markmi\u00f0 s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0ar sem byggist \u00e1 andlegri vakningu er a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa sj\u00faklingnum a\u00f0 finna lausn \u00e1 andlegum, si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegum, tilfinningalegum e\u00f0a s\u00e1lf\u00e9lagslegum vandam\u00e1lum; a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last n\u00e6gjusama og heilbrig\u00f0a l\u00edfss\u00fdn og s\u00fdn \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfan sig og a\u00f0 auka \u00fdmiskonar f\u00e9lagslega og si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega h\u00e6fni.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Martens bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 hugsanlega muni si\u00f0blindir nota \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00e6kni sem \u00feeir l\u00e6ra \u00ed sl\u00edkri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 drottna yfir \u00f6\u00f0rum e\u00f0a til a\u00f0 s\u00fdna falska b\u00f3t og betrun, jafnvel i\u00f0run, til a\u00f0 sleppa fyrr \u00fat af loka\u00f0ri g\u00e6sludeild. Me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilinn ver\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 var\u00f0bergi. En g\u00f3\u00f0ur me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ili mun sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessir sj\u00faklingar hafa raunverulegan \u00e1huga \u00e1 andlegum m\u00e1lefnu og oft birtist hann \u00ed dj\u00fapst\u00e6\u00f0ri sj\u00e1lfsranns\u00f3kn, n\u00fdrri \u00e1ttun og merkilegri aukningu \u00ed si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegri, f\u00e9lagslegri og tilfinningalegri getu sj\u00faklinganna (s.s. saml\u00ed\u00f0an, \u00e1byrg\u00f0, sekt, hollustu og sam\u00fa\u00f0).\u00a0 \u00deeir si\u00f0blindu sem ekki eru m\u00f3tt\u00e6kilegir fyrir me\u00f0fer\u00f0 af \u00feessu tagi geta ekki duli\u00f0 \u00f3beit s\u00edna nema um stund og ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 sennilega a\u00f0 v\u00edsa \u00feeim fr\u00e1.<b><sup>17<\/sup><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Robert D. Hare telur a\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0arpr\u00f3gramm fyrir si\u00f0blinda afbrotamenn \u00e6tti ekki a\u00f0 beinast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a saml\u00ed\u00f0an og samvisku e\u00f0a reyna hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 pers\u00f3nuleika, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 vita tilgangslaust,\u00a0 heldur sannf\u00e6ra \u00fe\u00e1ttakendur um a\u00f0 \u00feeir einir beri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 heg\u00f0un sinni og kenna \u00feeim a\u00f0 nota eigin styrk og h\u00e6fileika til a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00fearfir s\u00ednar og \u00f3skir um lei\u00f0 og \u00feeir taka tillit til annarra. \u00c1rangurinn \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 meta vandlega og emp\u00edr\u00edskt jafn\u00f3\u00f0um og a\u00f0laga me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina a\u00f0 einstaklingum. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 sumt \u00ed sl\u00edkri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 myndi n\u00fdtast si\u00f0blindum en ekki \u00f6\u00f0rum afbrotam\u00f6nnum og \u00f6fugt.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Menn \u00e6ttu ekki a\u00f0 vera of bjarts\u00fdnir \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 si\u00f0blindra, segja Hare og Stephen C. P. Wong, \u00fev\u00ed S\u00e1l breytist ekki \u00ed P\u00e1l, svo nota\u00f0 s\u00e9 bibl\u00edul\u00edking. \u00dea\u00f0 sk\u00e1sta sem m\u00e1 vonast eftir er a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir sem lj\u00faka me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vilji markt\u00e6kt s\u00ed\u00f0ur beita ofbeldi en \u00e1\u00f0ur. Jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt tilt\u00f6lulega l\u00edti\u00f0 dragi \u00far \u00e1r\u00e1sarhneig\u00f0 og ofbeldi si\u00f0blindra er sl\u00edkt risast\u00f3r pl\u00fas fyrir samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0.<b><sup>18<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindueinkenni dv\u00edna me\u00f0 aldrinum<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Skv. Robert D. Hare o.fl. dv\u00edna einkenni \u00fe\u00e1ttar 2 \u00ed si\u00f0blindu, <i>afbrig\u00f0ilegs f\u00e9lagslegs l\u00edfst\u00edls<\/i>, me\u00f0 aldrinum en \u00fe\u00e1ttur 1, <i>\u00f3gnandi sj\u00e1lfsd\u00fdrkun<\/i>, helst \u00f3breyttur. \u00deetta bendir til a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindum takist a\u00f0 einhverju leyti a\u00f0 laga sig a\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu \u00fe\u00f3tt pers\u00f3nuleikaeinkenni \u00feeirra s\u00e9u \u00f3breytt, \u00fe.\u00e1.m. megindr\u00e6ttirnir sj\u00e1lfselska, drottnunargirni og kaldlyndi. Hare segir eftirfarandi s\u00f6gu til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra hva\u00f0 hann \u00e1 vi\u00f0:<\/font><br \/>\n<font size=\"-1\">Fangelsiss\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur sem var vi\u00f0staddur einn af fyrirlestrum m\u00ednum sag\u00f0i fr\u00e1 si\u00f0blindum afbrotamanni me\u00f0 s\u00f6gu um ofbeldi sem haf\u00f0i \u201eendurf\u00e6\u00f0st og n\u00e1\u00f0 f\u00e9lagslegri endurh\u00e6fingu \u00ed fangelsinu\u201c og var sleppt \u00e1 skilor\u00f0i. \u00cd m\u00f6rg \u00e1r virtist hann vera fyrirmyndar skilor\u00f0sfangi en n\u00fdlega haf\u00f0i skilor\u00f0sfulltr\u00fainn hans fr\u00e9tt a\u00f0 \u00feessi fyrrum fangi bj\u00f3 me\u00f0 rugla\u00f0ri konu, sem einungis gegndi \u00fev\u00ed hlutverki a\u00f0 vera \u00e6vinlega tilb\u00fain sem kynl\u00edfst\u00f3l og boxp\u00fa\u00f0i. Af \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan tr\u00fa\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00e6tti \u00feessa misnotkun skilda k\u00e6r\u00f0i h\u00fan ekki til l\u00f6greglunnar. \u00deessi ma\u00f0ur var vissulega ekkert minna si\u00f0blindur en \u00feegar hann var \u00ed fangelsinu, hann haf\u00f0i einfaldlega komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r upp \u00f6\u00f0ru kerfi \u00ed andf\u00e9lagslegri og kaldlyndri heg\u00f0un.<b><sup>19<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Si\u00f0blindir brenna \u00fat eftir r\u00f3stursamt l\u00edf og langvarandi dulda \u00fej\u00e1ningu<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00c1 \u00f6ndver\u00f0um mei\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Hare er hollenski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Willem H. J. Martens, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i. Hann hefur gagnr\u00fdnt g\u00e1tlista og greiningarkerfi Hare mj\u00f6g harkalega og hefur allt a\u00f0ra s\u00fdn \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu. \u00cd greiningu Cleckley og seinna Hare er liti\u00f0 framhj\u00e1, segir Martens, hinni tilfinningalegu \u00fej\u00e1ningu og einsemd \u00feess si\u00f0blinda. \u00deegar horft er \u00e1 \u00feessa \u00fe\u00e6tti mun skilningur okkar \u00e1 \u00feeim si\u00f0blinda ver\u00f0a mann\u00fa\u00f0legri.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Martens segir a\u00f0 margir si\u00f0blindir geti ekki haldi\u00f0 uppi sama orkufreka l\u00edfsst\u00edlnum \u00feegar aldurinn f\u00e6rist yfir \u00fe\u00e1. \u00deeir brenni \u00fat<b> <\/b>sem g\u00e6ti tengst taugal\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum breytingum og\/e\u00f0a f\u00e9lagslegum og tilfinningalegum \u00feroska. \u00d3b\u00e6rileg og langvarandi einsemd g\u00e6ti l\u00edka valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tilfinningan\u00e6mi \u00feeirra yr\u00f0i \u00f3e\u00f0lilegt. Sl\u00edkt g\u00e6ti brotist \u00fat \u00ed rei\u00f0i vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 allir gefast upp \u00e1 \u00feeim; miklum \u00f3tta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00e9lagslegum samskiptum ver\u00f0i \u00feeir skildir \u00fatundan; tilfinningalegri kv\u00f6l vegna f\u00e9laglegra og tilfinningalegra takmarkana; \u00e1kafri \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir \u00e1st og a\u00f0d\u00e1un og jafnvel vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mni og hluttekningu me\u00f0 f\u00f3rnarl\u00f6mbum. Martens nefnir d\u00e6mi af mor\u00f0ingjanum Dennis Nilsen sem var svo einmana a\u00f0 hann drap f\u00f3lk, stillti \u00fev\u00ed upp og horf\u00f0i me\u00f0 l\u00edkunum \u00e1 sj\u00f3nvarpi\u00f0 e\u00f0a tala\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00feau klukkustundum saman. Hin dulda \u00fej\u00e1ning gerir f\u00e9lagslegan og tilfinningalegan \u00feroska m\u00f6gulegan \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e1rsaukinn g\u00e6ti krafist r\u00f3ttt\u00e6kra lausna \u00e1 f\u00e9lagslegum og tilfinningalegum vandam\u00e1lum og \u00fdtt undir a\u00f0 andf\u00e9lagslegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir breytist \u00ed takt vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00e9lagslegu h\u00e6fni sem t\u00ed\u00f0kast.<b><sup>20<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" hspace=\"7\" vspace=\"7\" border=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.this.is\/harpa\/sidblinda\/van_gogh.jpg?resize=128%2C166\" alt=\"S\ufffd\u00f0asta m\u00e1lverk van Gogh\" align=\"left\" height=\"166\" width=\"128\" \/><font size=\"-1\">Martens hefur skrifa\u00f0 grein um dulda \u00fej\u00e1ningu hins si\u00f0blinda. \u00dear segir hann a\u00f0 eins og allir a\u00f0rir \u00fer\u00e1i si\u00f0blindir a\u00f0 vera elska\u00f0ir og s\u00fdnd umhyggja. En \u00feessi \u00f3sk s\u00e9 oft \u00f3uppfyllt \u00fev\u00ed auglj\u00f3slega er erfitt fyrir a\u00f0ra pers\u00f3nu a\u00f0 tengjast einhverjum me\u00f0 svo fr\u00e1hrindandi pers\u00f3nuleikadr\u00e6tti n\u00e1num b\u00f6ndum. \u00d6\u00f0ru hvoru gera si\u00f0blindir s\u00e9r grein fyrir \u00e1hrifum heg\u00f0unar sinnar \u00e1 a\u00f0ra og geta or\u00f0i\u00f0 raunverulega hryggir yfir vanm\u00e6tti s\u00ednum \u00ed a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna henni. \u00cd l\u00edf flestra si\u00f0blindra vantar st\u00f6\u00f0ugt f\u00e9lagslegt net og n\u00e1in hl\u00fdleg tengsl vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Oft finnst si\u00f0blindum a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi fengi\u00f0 f\u00e6rri t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri en a\u00f0rir \u00ed l\u00edfinu og saga \u00feeirra einkennist oft af \u00f3rei\u00f0ukenndu fj\u00f6lskyldul\u00edfi \u00ed \u00e6sku, skorti \u00e1 athygli og lei\u00f0s\u00f6gn foreldra, v\u00edmuefnamisnotkun og andf\u00e9lagslegri heg\u00f0un foreldra. S\u00ed\u00f0ar eigi \u00feeir oft sj\u00e1lfir \u00ed sl\u00e6mum samb\u00f6ndum og skilna\u00f0i. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindir s\u00e9u roggnir og g\u00f3\u00f0ir me\u00f0 sig l\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00feeim innst inni eins og \u00feeir s\u00e9u \u00f3\u00e6\u00f0ri \u00f6\u00f0rum og \u00feeir vita a\u00f0 eigin heg\u00f0un brennimerkir \u00fe\u00e1. \u00de\u00f3tt sumum si\u00f0blindum takist \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0inu a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast umhverfinu og ver\u00f0i jafnvel vins\u00e6lir \u00fe\u00e1 finnst \u00feeim st\u00f6\u00f0ugt a\u00f0 \u00feeir ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 dylja hi\u00f0 sanna e\u00f0li sitt vandlega \u00fev\u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum muni ekki hugnast \u00fea\u00f0. \u00deetta setur si\u00f0blindum tvo kosti og b\u00e1\u00f0a illa; a\u00f0 a\u00f0lagast og taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed t\u00f3mlegu \u00feykjustul\u00edfi e\u00f0a a\u00f0lagast ekki og lifa einmanalegu l\u00edfi, einangra\u00f0ir \u00far samf\u00e9laginu. \u00deeir ver\u00f0a vitni a\u00f0 \u00feeirri \u00e1st og vin\u00e1ttu sem a\u00f0rir deila og finna fyrir h\u00f6fnun vitandi a\u00f0 \u00feeir munu aldrei eiga hlutdeild \u00ed sl\u00edku.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Eftirs\u00f3kn si\u00f0blindra \u00ed spennu er g\u00edfurleg en f\u00edfldj\u00f6rf \u00e6vint\u00fdrin enda \u00e6vinlega \u00ed vonbrig\u00f0um \u00fev\u00ed v\u00e6ntingar voru \u00f3raunh\u00e6far og \u00feeir eru alltaf a\u00f0 lenda upp \u00e1 kant vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra. \u00dea\u00f0 dregur sm\u00e1m saman kjarkinn \u00far si\u00f0blindum a\u00f0 \u00feeim er um megn a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna spennu\u00fe\u00f6rfinni og \u00feurfa hva\u00f0 eftir anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 horfast \u00ed augu vi\u00f0 veikleika s\u00edna. Jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir reyni a\u00f0 breytast mun l\u00e1gt \u00f3ttavi\u00f0brag\u00f0 og vanm\u00e1ttur \u00fev\u00ed tengdur til a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra af reynslunni lei\u00f0a til endurtekinna neikv\u00e6\u00f0ra og ni\u00f0urdrepandi \u00e1rekstra vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra, jafnvel svo alvarlegra a\u00f0 \u00feeir eru d\u00e6mdir \u00ed fangelsi.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem aldurinn f\u00e6rist yfir si\u00f0blinda geta \u00feeir ekki vi\u00f0haldi\u00f0 orkufrekum l\u00edfsst\u00edl s\u00ednum. \u00deeir brenna \u00fat og fyllast depur\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00feeir l\u00edta um \u00f6xl \u00e1 hv\u00edldarlaust l\u00edf sitt \u00fear sem f\u00e1tt er um \u00e1n\u00e6gjuleg samskipti vi\u00f0 anna\u00f0 f\u00f3lk.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">\u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed mj\u00f6g mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u00feekkja hina huldu \u00fej\u00e1ningu, einmanaleika og skort \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfstrausti si\u00f0blindra. Og nau\u00f0synlegt er a\u00f0 halda \u00e1fram lyfjafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum, taugas\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum og s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum tilraunum til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir og laga si\u00f0blinduheg\u00f0un, segir Martens.<b><sup>21<\/sup><\/b><\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b><font size=\"-1\">Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Enn hefur ekki fundist nein a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna si\u00f0blindu e\u00f0a draga markt\u00e6kt \u00far henni. Allt m\u00f6gulegt hefur veri\u00f0 reynt og \u00ed n\u00fdrri umfj\u00f6llun er \u00e1berandi a\u00f0 sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn f\u00e1lma eftir str\u00e1um, tr\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed ekki s\u00ed\u00f0asta h\u00e1lmstr\u00e1i\u00f0 hafi brug\u00f0ist enn og stinga upp \u00e1 \u00fdmsum \u00f3pr\u00f3fu\u00f0um lei\u00f0um \u00ed blindni. Bent er \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir si\u00f0blindu s\u00e9u \u00ed rauninni ekki taldir vi\u00f0fang me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar heldur leiti menn me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar me\u00f0 logandi lj\u00f3si til hagsb\u00f3ta fyrir samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0, \u00fe.e. hina, sem er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegt \u00e1litam\u00e1l \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. En si\u00f0blindir skilja eftir sig sl\u00f3\u00f0 f\u00f3rnarlamba hvort sem \u00feeim tekst a\u00f0 halda sig utan m\u00fara e\u00f0a lenda \u00ed fangelsi og \u00fev\u00ed er afar mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 takist a\u00f0 finna einhverja lei\u00f0 til a\u00f0 draga \u00far ska\u00f0semi \u00feeirra.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Robert D. Hare, sem hefur helga\u00f0 starfs\u00e6vi s\u00edna ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 si\u00f0blindum, vir\u00f0ist rauns\u00e6r og telur enga l\u00e6kningu \u00e1 si\u00f0blindu \u00ed sj\u00f3nm\u00e1li. \u00dea\u00f0 sk\u00e1sta sem h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 gera er a\u00f0 sn\u00ed\u00f0a einhvers konar me\u00f0fer\u00f0 eftir e\u00f0lis\u00fe\u00e1ttum si\u00f0blindra og h\u00f6f\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir gr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 a\u00f0 haga s\u00e9r skikkanlegar. Hann b\u00fdst samt ekki vi\u00f0 neinum st\u00f3rkostlegum \u00e1rangri af sl\u00edkri me\u00f0fer\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Hugmyndir Martens finnast m\u00e9r mj\u00f6g vafasamar, eftir a\u00f0 hafa kynnt m\u00e9r si\u00f0blindu um hr\u00ed\u00f0, enda er andleg vakning st\u00f3r \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed t\u00f3lf spora kerfum \u00fdmiss konar og grundvallaratri\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fear er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna vanm\u00e1tt sinn, vera tilb\u00fain(n) a\u00f0 hl\u00edta lei\u00f0s\u00f6gn annarra og horfast \u00ed augu vi\u00f0 fyrri mist\u00f6k og misger\u00f0ir. (\u00cd m\u00e1li Martens kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00feetta er innifali\u00f0 \u00ed hans andlegu vakningarme\u00f0fer\u00f0 en hann or\u00f0ar \u00fea\u00f0 ekki eins einfalt.) Grundvallaratri\u00f0in \u00ed andlegri vakningu stangast algerlega \u00e1 vi\u00f0 einkenni si\u00f0blindu og hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 reynast \u00feeim um megn a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00feau skilyr\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-1\">Hins vegar er ekki \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 Martens hafi r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r um einsemd og dulda \u00fej\u00e1ningu hins si\u00f0blinda \u00feegar aldurinn f\u00e6rist yfir hann. Ma\u00f0ur er manns gaman og \u00fea\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 gilda hi\u00f0 sama um si\u00f0blinda. \u00deegar si\u00f0blindur hefur hraki\u00f0 alla fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r og getur ekki lengur fengi\u00f0 \u00fatr\u00e1s fyrir spennu\u00fe\u00f6rf s\u00edna vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 aldurinn f\u00e6rist yfir hann hl\u00fdtur honum a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0a illa. En \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur er hann haldinn (enn) \u00f3l\u00e6knandi pers\u00f3nuleikar\u00f6skun og \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edti\u00f0 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 li\u00f0sinna honum nema l\u00e6kna \u00fe\u00e1 hli\u00f0arkvilla sem hann kann a\u00f0 vera haldinn.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr width=\"100%\" \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><font size=\"-2\">Allar heimildir voru sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar \u00ed febr\u00faar 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"1\">\u00a0 <\/font><br \/>\n<font size=\"-2\">1 D&#8217;Silva, Karen, Conor Duggan og Lucy McCarthy. 2004. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/proquest.umi.com\/pqdlink?vinst=PROD&amp;fmt=6&amp;startpage=-1&amp;ver=1&amp;vname=PQD&amp;RQT=309&amp;did=720508451&amp;exp=03-01-2016&amp;scaling=FULL&amp;vtype=PQD&amp;rqt=309&amp;cfc=1&amp;TS=1299138007&amp;clientId=58032\">Does Treatment Really Make Psychopaths Worse? A Review of the Evidence<\/a>\u201c. <i>Journal of Personality Disorders<\/i> 18.\u00e1rg. 2.tbl. 2004, s. 163-177.\u00a0 \u00cd \u00feessari yfirlitsgrein yfir ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar\u00e1rangri vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu er bent \u00e1 alvarlega a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega galla \u00e1 \u00feeim langflestum og a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafi fr\u00e1 upphafi ekki mi\u00f0a\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rannsaka si\u00f0blindu heldur hafi uppl\u00fdsingarnar sem fengust veri\u00f0 nokkurs konar aukaafur\u00f0. Flestar ranns\u00f3knirnar voru ger\u00f0ar \u00e1 si\u00f0blindum gl\u00e6pam\u00f6nnum \u00ed fangelsum. Auk a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra galla hafi \u00fdmist skort \u00e1 langt\u00edmaeftirfylgni og\/e\u00f0a vanta\u00f0 samanbur\u00f0arh\u00f3p si\u00f0blindra utan m\u00faranna. H\u00f6fundar taka ekkert tillit til \u00feess a\u00f0 svolei\u00f0is samanbur\u00f0arh\u00f3pur er varla tilt\u00e6kur og h\u00e6pin finnst m\u00e9r ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00feeirra a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knirnar 24 sem sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar voru s\u00e9u engan veginn markt\u00e6kar \u00fev\u00ed str\u00f6ng a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ileg skilyr\u00f0i voru ekki uppfyllt.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">2 Robert D. Hare. 1998. \u201ePsychopaths and Their Nature: Implications for the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems\u201c \u00ed <i>Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Theodore Millon og Morten Birket-Smith. The Guilford Press 1998, s. 203.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">3 Lee, Jessica H. 1999. <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ramas.co.uk\/report3.pdf\">The Treatment of Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Review<\/a><\/i>. \u00c1 vef <i>RAMAS<\/i> (Risk Assessment Management and Audit Systems).<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">4 Glenn, Andrea L. og Adrian Raine. 2008. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sas.upenn.edu\/~aglenn\/PCNA.pdf\">The Neurobiology of Psychopathy<\/a>\u201c. <i>Psychiatric Clinics of North America<\/i> 31, 2008, s. 463\u2013475. \u00cd \u00feessari grein kemur fram a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 greina si\u00f0blindu \u00ed b\u00f6rnum allt fr\u00e1 \u00feriggja \u00e1ra aldri. Er vitna\u00f0 \u00ed fj\u00f6lda ranns\u00f3kna \u00fev\u00ed til stu\u00f0nings a\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu s\u00e9 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 greina mj\u00f6g snemma og a\u00f0 snemmt\u00e6k \u00edhlutun geri l\u00edklega eitthvert gagn. Einnig m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 ranns\u00f3kn sem bar saman si\u00f0blindueinkenni \u00ed 4- 12 \u00e1ra hollenskum og gr\u00edskum b\u00f6rnum. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur bentu til \u00feess a\u00f0 einkennin v\u00e6ru eins og algengi\/sjaldg\u00e6fi hi\u00f0 sama. Sj\u00e1 Manti, Eirini, Evert M. Scholte, Ina A. Van Berckelaer-Onnes og Jan D. Van Der Ploeg. 2009. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/web.ebscohost.com\/ehost\/pdfviewer\/pdfviewer?hid=122&amp;sid=f0255fd9-3758-4c13-b25e-6f905cf68933%40sessionmgr115&amp;vid=7\">Social and emotional detachment: A cross-cultural comparison of the non-disruptive behavioural psychopathic traits in children<\/a>\u201c. <i>Criminal behaviour and Mental Health<\/i> 19. \u00e1rg. 3. tbl. j\u00fal\u00ed 2009, s. 178-192.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">5 Um l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu (sem \u00e1 \u00edslensku hefur veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 hv\u00edtuskur\u00f0ur\/geiraskur\u00f0ur, hi\u00f0 fyrrnefnda v\u00e6ntanlega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 danska or\u00f0alaginu \u201edet hvide snit\u201c) m\u00e1 t.d. lesa \u00ed:<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Orri P\u00e1ll Ormarsson. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mbl.is\/mm\/gagnasafn\/grein.html?grein_id=1147645\">Kleppur er v\u00ed\u00f0a<\/a>\u201c.\u00a0 Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0, sunnudaginn 27. ma\u00ed 2007.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Hei\u00f0a Mar\u00eda Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir. 2006.\u00a0 \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/?id=5729\">Til hvers voru s\u00e1lskur\u00f0l\u00e6kningar eins og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda nota\u00f0ar?<\/a>\u201c.\u00a0 <i>V\u00edsindavefurinn<\/i> 23. 3. 2006.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Lidberg Lars og Magnus Broberg. 1996. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/ltarkiv.lakartidningen.se\/1996\/temp\/pda12931.pdf\">Psykokirurgins historia. Fr\u00e5n lobotomi till kapsulotomi<\/a>\u201c. <i>L\u00e4kartidningen<\/i> 93.\u00e1rg 38.tbl 1996, s. 3245-50. \u00cd greininni kemur fram a\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0in, eins og h\u00fan var i\u00f0ku\u00f0 \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0, t\u00f3k um t\u00edu m\u00edn\u00fatur og einungis h\u00fa\u00f0in var saumu\u00f0 saman \u00e1 eftir. Yfirleitt var einungis sta\u00f0deyft nema sj\u00faklingurinn v\u00e6ri s\u00e9rlega \u00f3r\u00f3legur, \u00fe\u00e1 var hann sv\u00e6f\u00f0ur.<\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason, Bjarni Oddsson og Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson. 1952. LOBOTOMIA. <i>L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 36.\u00e1rg. 7.tbl. 1952, s. 97-112. \u00cd \u00feessari grein segir fr\u00e1 tilraunum \u00edslenskra l\u00e6kna \u00ed l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu. \u00dear kemur fram a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u201e<b>psykopati og ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 flogaveiki og f\u00e1vitah\u00e1tt<\/b> hefur lobotomia veri\u00f0 beitt. &#8230; \u00fe\u00e1 er lobotomi r\u00e9ttm\u00e6t a\u00f0ger\u00f0 og gefur enda oft g\u00f3\u00f0a raun.\u201c (s. 101.) \u201e\u00e9g [Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason?] hef gert 28 frontal lobotom\u00edur \u00e1 St. J\u00f3sefs sp\u00edtalanum \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk., af \u00feeim hefir einn d\u00e1i\u00f0.\u201c (s. 104.) S\u00ed\u00f0an er sagt fr\u00e1 tilraunum dr. Bjarna Oddssonar \u00ed l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu, af 20 sj\u00faklingum sem athuga\u00f0ir voru talsvert eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina var 1 d\u00e1inn. Bjarni skar \u00ed heila tveggja me\u00f0 psykopati og af n\u00e1kv\u00e6mum sj\u00fakrask\u00fdrslum, \u00fear sem n\u00f6fn sj\u00faklinga eru einungis skammst\u00f6fu\u00f0, s\u00e9st a\u00f0 annars vegar var um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a 19 \u00e1ra konu sem \u201ehefir fr\u00e1 10 \u00e1ra aldri veri\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3fgefin og \u00f3sanns\u00f6gul. Eftir 13 \u00e1ra aldur mj\u00f6g vergj\u00f6rn (erotoman) og lausl\u00e1t.\u201c H\u00e1lfu \u00e1ri eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina er h\u00fan \u201er\u00f3leg og ekki slj\u00f3. Hefir unni\u00f0 vi\u00f0 eldh\u00fasst\u00f6rf \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0ssk\u00f3la \u00ed sveit, komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r vel. &#8230; \u00c1rangur: Betri.\u201c (s. 110-11.) Hinn psykopati-sj\u00faklingurinn var 24 \u00e1ra verkama\u00f0ur, fr\u00e1 barnsaldri \u201e\u00f3r\u00f3legur, veikla\u00f0ur og \u00e6stur \u00e1 ge\u00f0smunum, gekk \u00ed svefni sem barn. \u00deegar \u00ed bernsku bar \u00e1 \u00f3knyttum og hnupli og sl\u00e6pingsh\u00e6tti &#8230; drakk og svalla\u00f0i &#8230; Amfetamin-neyzla undanfari\u00f0.\u201c N\u00edu m\u00e1nu\u00f0um eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0 er \u201e\u00c1fengisneyzla minni en \u00e1\u00f0ur, r\u00f3legur og g\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00ed umgengni, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 heimili og utan. Ekki amfetaminneyzla svo vita\u00f0 s\u00e9, engin l\u00f6gbrot. Svefn e\u00f0lilegur. \u00datlit hraustlegt, en \u00e6stur og illur vi\u00f0 v\u00edn, eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00c1rangur: Miklu betri.\u201c (s. 108) Af \u00feessum d\u00e6mum s\u00e9st a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningin psykopati er nokku\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edk \u00feeirri greiningu sem t\u00ed\u00f0kast n\u00fa \u00e1 t\u00edmum.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">6 Glannon, Walter. 2008. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/web.ebscohost.com\/ehost\/pdfviewer\/pdfviewer?hid=104&amp;sid=fc3e100c-77fe-4eed-a59d-38f65e34d4c9%40sessionmgr114&amp;vid=2\">Altering the Brain and Mind<\/a>\u201c. Ritd\u00f3mur um <i>Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society<\/i>. (Ritstj\u00f3rar Merkel, Reinhard o.fl..<i>Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment<\/i>, 29 bindi. 2007.) \u00ed <i>Hastings Center Report <\/i>38.\u00e1rg. 4.tbl., j\u00fal\u00ed\/\u00e1g\u00fast 2008, s. 46-47. Glannon segir: \u201eH\u00f6fundarnir sl\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f6stu a\u00f0 ef bj\u00f3\u00f0ist einhvers konar heila-a\u00f0ger\u00f0 e\u00f0a me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 alvarlegri si\u00f0blindu \u00fe\u00e1 er ekki bara svo a\u00f0 okkur leyfist a\u00f0 nota hana heldur v\u00e6rum vi\u00f0 skyldug til a\u00f0 bj\u00f3\u00f0a sl\u00edka a\u00f0ger\u00f0\/me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem valkost vi\u00f0 l\u00edfst\u00ed\u00f0ar innilokun \u00e1 stofnun.\u201c<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">7 Lee, Jessica H. 1999. \u201ePhysical treatments\u201c \u00ed <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ramas.co.uk\/report3.pdf\">The Treatment of Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Review<\/a><\/i>. \u00c1 vef <i>RAMAS<\/i> (Risk Assessment Management and Audit Systems).<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">8 Sitaram, Ranganatha, Andrea Caria, Ralf Veit, Tilman Gaber, Giuseppina Rota, Andrea Kuebler og Niels Birbaumer. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2007\/025487.pdf\">fMRI Brain-Computer Interface: A Tool for Neuroscientific Research and Treatment<\/a>\u201c. <i>Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience<\/i> 2007. Svipa\u00f0 er gefi\u00f0 \u00ed skyn \u00ed bl\u00e1lokin \u00e1 \u00feessari grein: Eippert, Falk, Ralf Veit, Nikolaus Weiskopf og Michael Erb. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iew.uzh.ch\/study\/courses\/downloads\/Eippert_HumanBrainMapping2007.pdf\">Regulation of Emotional Responses Elicited by Threat-Related Stimuli<\/a>\u201c. <i>Human Brain Mapping<\/i> 28 2007, s. 409\u2013423 og \u00ed undir lok greinar Katarina Wahlund o.fl. 2009. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lakartidningen.se\/store\/articlepdf\/1\/11294\/LKT0906s361_365.pdf\">Psykopati och hj\u00e4rnavbildning \u2013 en litteraturgenomg\u00e5ng. Med fokus s\u00e4rskilt p\u00e5 funktionell magnetisk resonanstomografi<\/a>\u201c. <i>L\u00e4kartidningen<\/i> 106.\u00e1rg 6.tbl. 2009, s. 361-365.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">9 Crocketta, Molly J., Luke Clarka, Marc D. Hauserb og\u00a0 Trevor W. Robbins. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/bcni.psychol.cam.ac.uk\/~mc536\/Molly_Crocketts_webpage\/Publications_files\/PNAS-2010-Crockett-1009396107.pdf\">Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion<\/a>\u201c. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)<\/i>. A\u00f0alheimildin fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sem segir \u00ed klausunnu um lyfjatilraunir vi\u00f0 si\u00f0blindu er\u00a0 Lee, Jessica H. 1999. <i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ramas.co.uk\/report3.pdf\">The Treatment of Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Review<\/a><\/i>. \u00c1 vef <i>RAMAS<\/i> (Risk Assessment Management and Audit Systems).<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">10 Martens, Willem H. J. 2008. Undirkaflinn \u201ePsychopaths are Treatable\u201c \u00ed greininni \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.clinica.divisionescolpsic.org\/articulos-docs\/problem-Robert_Hare.pdf\">Forensic Psychiatry.The Problem with Robert Hare&#8217;s Psychopathy Checklist: Incorrect Conclusions, High Risk of Misuse, and Lack of Reliability<\/a>\u201c. <i>Medicine and Law<\/i> 27 2008, s. 449-462.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">11 Van den Berg, Anne og Karel T.I. Oei. 2009.\u00a0 \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/arno.uvt.nl\/show.cgi?fid=97239\">Attachement and psychopathy in forensic patients. The (in)ability of serverly psychopathic patients to commit to therapeutic relations, considered from the perspectives of Attachment Theory and Mentalization-Based Treatment.<\/a>\u201c <i>Mental Health Review Journal<\/i>, 14.\u00e1rg. 3.tbl. 2009, s. 40-51. Sj\u00e1 einnig Meloy, J. Reid og James A Reavis. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/forensis.org\/PDF\/published\/2007_DangerousCasesW.pdf\">Dangerous cases: when treatment is not an option<\/a>\u201c. <i>Severe Personality Disorders. Everyday Issues in Clinical Practice<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Bert van Luyn, Salman Akhtar og John Livesley. Cambridge University Press, 2007<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">12 Van den Berg, Anne og Karel T.I. Oei. 2009.\u00a0 \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/arno.uvt.nl\/show.cgi?fid=97239\">Attachement and psychopathy in forensic patients. The (in)ability of serverly psychopathic patients to commit to therapeutic relations, considered from the perspectives of Attachment Theory and Mentalization-Based Treatment.<\/a>\u201c\u00a0 <i>Mental Health Review Journal<\/i>, 14.\u00e1rg. 3.tbl 2009,\u00a0 s. 40-51<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">13 Meloy, J. Reid og James A Reavis. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/forensis.org\/PDF\/published\/2007_DangerousCasesW.pdf\">Dangerous cases: when treatment is not an option<\/a>\u201c. <i>Severe Personality Disorders. Everyday Issues in Clinical Practice<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Bert van Luyn, Salman Akhtar og John Livesley. Cambridge University Press, 2007 og Meloy, J. Reid og Jessica Yakeley. 2010. \u201ePsychodynamic Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder\u201c \u00ed <i>Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Personal Disorders: A Clinical Handbook. <\/i>Ritstj\u00f3rar: John F. Clarkin, Peter Fonagy og Glen O. Gabbard. American Psychiatric Pub. 2010, s. 311-336. A\u00f0gengileg til sko\u00f0unar \u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books?hl=is&amp;lr=&amp;id=NSyiH7xM7FQC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA311&amp;dq=%22J+R+Meloy%22%2Bpsychopathy%2Btreatment&amp;ots=fhlJ6D-a7h&amp;sig=ElGxBwpMraRLpg8kYgynUS23tJg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22J%20R%20Meloy%22%2Bpsychopathy%2Btreatment&amp;f=false\">B\u00e6kur Google<\/a>.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">14 Sj\u00e1 t.d. upptalingu \u00ed D&#8217;Silva, Karen, Conor Duggan og Lucy McCarthy. 2004. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/proquest.umi.com\/pqdlink?vinst=PROD&amp;fmt=6&amp;startpage=-1&amp;ver=1&amp;vname=PQD&amp;RQT=309&amp;did=720508451&amp;exp=03-01-2016&amp;scaling=FULL&amp;vtype=PQD&amp;rqt=309&amp;cfc=1&amp;TS=1299138007&amp;clientId=58032\">Does Treatment Really Make Psychopaths Worse? A Review of the Evidence<\/a>\u201c. <i>Journal of Personality Disorders<\/i> 18.\u00e1rg. 2.tbl. 2004, s. 163-177.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">15 Hesse, Morten. 2010. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biomedcentral.com\/1741-7015\/8\/66\">What should be done with antisocial personality disorder in the new edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V)?<\/a>\u201c <i>BMC Medicine<\/i> 27. okt\u00f3ber 2010.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">16\u00a0 Meloy, J. Reid og James A. Reavis. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/forensis.org\/PDF\/published\/2007_DangerousCasesW.pdf\">Dangerous cases: when treatment is not an option<\/a>\u201c. <i>Severe Personality Disorders. Everyday Issues in Clinical Practice<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Bert van Luyn, Salman Akhtar og John Livesley. Cambridge University Press, 2007 og\u00a0 Meloy, J. Reid og Jessica Yakeley. 2010. \u201ePsychodynamic Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder\u201c \u00ed <i>Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Personal Disorders: A Clinical Handbook. <\/i>Ritstj\u00f3rar: John F. Clarkin, Peter Fonagy og Glen O. Gabbard. American Psychiatric Pub 2010, s. 311-336. A\u00f0gengileg til sko\u00f0unar \u00e1 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books?hl=is&amp;lr=&amp;id=NSyiH7xM7FQC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA311&amp;dq=%22J+R+Meloy%22%2Bpsychopathy%2Btreatment&amp;ots=fhlJ6D-a7h&amp;sig=ElGxBwpMraRLpg8kYgynUS23tJg#v=onepage&amp;q=%22J%20R%20Meloy%22%2Bpsychopathy%2Btreatment&amp;f=false\">B\u00e6kur Google<\/a>.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">17\u00a0 Martens, Willem H. J. 2003.\u00a0 \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/content\/t451156177826631\/fulltext.pdf\">Spiritual Psychotherapy for Antisocial and Psychopathic Personalities: Some Theoretical Building Blocks<\/a>\u201c. <i>Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy<\/i> 33.\u00e1rg. 3.tbl. haust 2003.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">18 Hare, Robert D. 1998. \u201ePsychopaths and Their Nature: Implications for the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems\u201c. <i>Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Theodore Millon og Morten Birket-Smith. The Guilford Press, 1998, s. 203. Sj\u00e1 einnig tilvitnun \u00ed Wong, S. C. P. &amp; Hare, R. D. 2005 <i>Guidelines for a Psychopathy Treatment Program<\/i>. Multi-Health Systems, s. 9, \u00ed lok greinar Wong, Stephen C. P., Audrey Gordon og\u00a0 Deqiang Gu. 2007. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/bjp.rcpsych.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/190\/49\/s66\">Assessment and treatment of violence\u2013prone forensic clients: an integrated approach<\/a>\u201c. <i>The British Journal of Psychiatry<\/i> 190,\u00a0 2007, s.66-74.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">19 Harpur, Timothy J. og\u00a0 Hare, Robert D. 1994. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/?&amp;fa=main.doiLanding&amp;doi=10.1037\/0021-843X.103.4.604\">Assessment of Psychopathy as a Function of Age<\/a>\u201c. <i>Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/i>, 103.\u00e1rg. 4.tbl. n\u00f3v. 1993, s. 604-609. Einungis \u00fatdr\u00e1tturinn var sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur. Sj\u00e1 einnig Hare, Robert D. 1998. \u201ePsychopaths and Their Nature: Implications for the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems\u201c. <i>Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior<\/i>. Ritstj\u00f3rar: Theodore Millon og Morten Birket-Smith. The Guilford Press, 1998, s. 197-198.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">20<b> <\/b>Sj\u00e1\u00a0 Martens, Willem H. J. 2008. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.clinica.divisionescolpsic.org\/articulos-docs\/problem-Robert_Hare.pdf\">Forensic Psychiatry. The Problem with Robert Hare&#8217;s Psychopathy Checklist: Incorrect Conclusions, High Risk of Misuse, and Lack of Reliability<\/a>\u201c. <i>Medicine and Law<\/i> 27 2008, s. 449-462;\u00a0 Martens, Willem H. J. 2003. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.goertzel.org\/dynapsyc\/2003\/psychopaths.htm\">Emotional Capacities and Sensitivity in Psychopaths<\/a>\u201c. <i>Dynamical Psychology. An International, Interdisciplinary Journal of Complex Mental Processes<\/i> ma\u00ed 2003, s. 1-20 og Martens, Willem H. J. 2002. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webofnarcissism.com\/forums\/index.php?topic=4793.0\">The Hidden Suffering of the Psychopath<\/a>\u201c. <i>Psychiatric Times<\/i> 19.\u00e1rg. 1.tbl. 2002.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\">21 Martens, Willem H. J. 2002. \u201e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webofnarcissism.com\/forums\/index.php?topic=4793.0\">The Hidden Suffering of the Psychopath<\/a>\u201c. <i>Psychiatric Times<\/i> 19.\u00e1rg. 1.tbl. 2002.<\/font><br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>31. des. 2011: \u00c9g hef ofi\u00f0 si\u00f0blinduf\u00e6rslurnar og \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera \u00fe\u00e6gilegra a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a efni\u00f0 \u00e1 vef heldur en \u00ed \u00feessu bloggumhverfi. Sl\u00f3\u00f0in er:http:\/\/sidblinda.com \u00de\u00f3famj\u00fak r\u00e1nd\u00fdr sem l\u00e6\u00f0ast: Si\u00f0blinda, V hluti (finna m\u00e1 fyrri f\u00e6rslur <span class=\"ellipsis\">&hellip;<\/span> <span class=\"more-link-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2011\/03\/05\/laekning-sidblindu\/\" class=\"more-link\"><span>Read More &#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-327","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/327","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=327"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/327\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=327"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=327"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=327"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}