{"id":444,"date":"2012-09-29T19:27:26","date_gmt":"2012-09-29T19:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2012-09-29\/prjonid-og-fagordin\/"},"modified":"2013-11-21T09:10:20","modified_gmt":"2013-11-21T09:10:20","slug":"prjonid-og-fagordin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2012\/09\/29\/prjonid-og-fagordin\/","title":{"rendered":"Prj\u00f3ni\u00f0 og fagor\u00f0in"},"content":{"rendered":"

Elstu ritheimildir um prj\u00f3n h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed skj\u00f6lum Gu\u00f0brands biskups \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar \u00e1 H\u00f3lum. \u00dear segir:<\/font><\/p>\n

af landskylldum giort j Suarf(ad)ardals vmbodum med Vrda jordum og Socku. anno 1582 j fardogum. burt golldit j kaupgiolld og skullder. [- – -] prioonasaumur 22 paur.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

og<\/font><\/p>\n

[- – -] a Vrdum Domnicia 2a<\/sup> post epi(phaniam) anno 1583 [- – -] a eg n\u00fc \u00fear von ae af tijundarvadmalum xx alnum. jitem j vor ad kom v voder og vij alner. jitem prionasaumur lxxx og xvj p\u00f6r.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(Br\u00e9fab\u00f3k Gu\u00f0brands byskups \u00deorvaldssonar<\/em>, s. 227-228)<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1581 b\u00f3kar Gu\u00f0brandur biskup a\u00f0 upp \u00ed landskuld af Gardzhorni hafi veri\u00f0 goldi\u00f0 m.a. me\u00f0 \u201evj paur socka\u201c (Br\u00e9fab\u00f3k G. s. 195) og minnist \u00e1 \u201e\u00ed\u00ed\u00edj paur so(k)ka\u201c \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru skjali (Br\u00e9fab\u00f3k G. s. 218). \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e6tla a\u00f0 prj\u00f3nasaumurinn<\/b> sem hann nefnir 1582 hafi veri\u00f0 prj\u00f3na\u00f0ir sokkar.<\/font><\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nasaumur<\/b> var svo nota\u00f0 \u00e1fram yfir prj\u00f3na\u00f0ar fl\u00edkur, allt fram \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld, skv. d\u00e6mum Ritm\u00e1lssafns<\/a> (Or\u00f0ab\u00f3kar H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands) en fr\u00e1 mi\u00f0ri 17. \u00f6ld hefur \u00feekkst or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nles<\/b><\/a> og hefur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00f6ldum or\u00f0i\u00f0 ofan \u00e1.<\/font><\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3na\u00f0ur<\/b> kemur l\u00edka fyrst fyrir \u00ed efni tengt Gu\u00f0brandi biskupi, \u00fe.e. \u00ed Gu\u00f0brandsbibl\u00edu<\/i>, J\u00f3hannesargu\u00f0spjalli 19:24,\u00a0 \u00fear sem segir um kyrtil Jes\u00fa: \u201eEnn kyrtillin[n] var eigi sauma\u00f0r \/ helldr fra ofan verdu allr prionadr.\u201c \u00cd ofurl\u00edti\u00f0 yngri heimild segir um sama kyrtil: \u201ehann [kyrtillinn] var ecke saumadur helldur prionadur.\u201c (Passio<\/i>, \u00fe\u00fddd b\u00f3k eftir L\u00father, gefin \u00fat \u00e1 H\u00f3lum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1600, s. 208.)<\/font><\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn<\/b> var \u00feekkt \u00ed \u00edslensku fr\u00e1 fornu fari og l\u00edklega merkti \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00edll\/s\u00fdll e\u00f0a alur, a.m.k. oddmj\u00f3tt hvasst verkf\u00e6ri. \u00cd Sturlungu <\/i>er nefndur \u00d6gmundur nokkur sem haf\u00f0i vi\u00f0urnefni\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn<\/a>. \u201e[…] lat brenna allann [fj\u00e1rhlut] sva ath konungr hafi hvorki af prionn ne pening\u201c segir Valgautur jarl \u00ed \u00d3lafs s\u00f6gu hins helga<\/a>; “alin [er] kambur og prionn og nal” segir \u00ed lista yfir ver\u00f0gildi \u00ed handriti af B\u00faal\u00f6gum, l\u00edklega fr\u00e1 1550<\/a>. \u00cd \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0sifjab\u00f3k<\/i> segir a\u00f0 uppruni or\u00f0sins s\u00e9 umdeildur; sumir telji \u00fea\u00f0 fornt t\u00f6kuor\u00f0 \u00far fornslavnesku, prionu<\/i>, sem s\u00e9 sama or\u00f0i\u00f0 og prion<\/i>[i] \u00ed gr\u00edsku og merki s\u00f6g e\u00f0a bor. A\u00f0rir haldi a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 af germ\u00f6nskum toga, upphaflega r\u00f3tin hafi veri\u00f0 *preu-<\/i>, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0i stinga e\u00f0a ota. \u00cd s\u00f6mu heimild segir a\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edklegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00edslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn s\u00e9 t\u00f6kuor\u00f0 \u00far fornensku, fornenska (og mi\u00f0enska) or\u00f0i\u00f0 var preon<\/i>, en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki r\u00f6kstutt n\u00e1nar. Cleasby og Vigf\u00fasson halda \u00fev\u00ed hins vegar fram a\u00f0 \u00edslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn<\/i> samsvari gel\u00edska or\u00f0inu prine<\/i> og skoska or\u00f0inu prin.<\/i> \u00cd mi\u00f0ensku var til or\u00f0i\u00f0 preon<\/i>, sem \u00fe\u00fdddi prj\u00f3nn, og m\u00f6gulega s\u00f6gnin preonen<\/i> (d\u00e6min sem tekin eru \u00ed A Middle English Dictionary<\/i> eftir Stratman\u00a0um \u00feessa s\u00f6gn s\u00fdna ekki afdr\u00e1ttarlaust a\u00f0 h\u00fan hafi \u00fe\u00fdtt a\u00f0 prj\u00f3na \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00f6fundur or\u00f0ab\u00f3karinnar sta\u00f0h\u00e6fi \u00fea\u00f0). \u00cd Hjaltlandseyja-Norn var til nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 prin<\/i>, sem \u00fe\u00fdddi alur e\u00f0a st\u00f3r t\u00edtuprj\u00f3nn. Jakob Jakobsen telur a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 sama or\u00f0i\u00f0 og \u00edslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn. \u00cd f\u00e6reysku er til or\u00f0i\u00f0 pr\u00f3nur<\/i> (eldra preunur<\/i>) sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir st\u00f3r t\u00edtuprj\u00f3nn e\u00f0a prj\u00f3nn og rekja m\u00e1 \u00feetta or\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd Gu\u00f0brandsbibl\u00edu<\/i> s\u00e9st m\u00e6tavel a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn hefur \u00e1 d\u00f6gum Gu\u00f0brands enn\u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 samheiti vi\u00f0 al e\u00f0a s\u00fdl \u00fe\u00f3tt\u00a0\u00cdslendingar hafi \u00fe\u00e1 tileinka\u00f0 s\u00e9r t\u00e6knina a\u00f0 prj\u00f3na og l\u00edklegt er a\u00f0 s\u00f6gnin s\u00e9 myndu\u00f0 me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af verkf\u00e6runum, prj\u00f3num: \u201e… tak einn Prion \/ og stijng i giegnum hans Eyra\u201c (5. M\u00f3seb\u00f3k 15:17) – \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu er klausan: \u201e…\u00a0 \u00fe\u00e1 skaltu taka al og stinga honum \u00ed gegnum eyrnasnepil hans.\u201c Annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed Gu\u00f0brandsbibl\u00edu<\/i> stendur: \u201e… og stinga i giegnum hanns Eyra med Al\u201c (2. M\u00f3seb\u00f3k 21:6) – n\u00fat\u00edma\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingin er: \u201e[S\u00ed\u00f0an skal h\u00fasb\u00f3ndi hans] stinga al \u00ed gegnum eyra hans.\u201c<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Pjona\"Danski m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Inge Lise Pedersen telur a\u00f0 norska s\u00f6gnin pj\u00e5na<\/i> e\u00f0a pjaodna<\/i> s\u00e9 upphaflega sama s\u00f6gn og s\u00fa \u00edslenska, prj\u00f3na.\u00a0 H\u00fan vitnar \u00ed Ross [sem hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 vera Hans Ross or\u00f0ab\u00f3karh\u00f6fundur, f. 1833, en heimildar er a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti ekki geti\u00f0] sem sk\u00fdri s\u00f6gnina \u201ehekle ell. strikke paa en egen maade\u201c. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 var algengast \u00e1 H\u00f6r\u00f0alandi. N\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum er norska nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 pjoning<\/i> nota\u00f0 um \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 hekl, stundum kalla\u00f0 bosn\u00edskt hekl (shepherd’s knitting \u00e1 ensku), sem er eiginlega bara hekla\u00f0ar fastalykkjur. Hekl er hins vegar miklu yngri t\u00e6kni \u00e1 Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum en prj\u00f3n. Inge Lise Pedersen r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ur a\u00f0 pj\u00e5na<\/i> hlj\u00f3ti a\u00f0 hafa upphaflega \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 n\u00e1lbrag\u00f0. (R\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning fyrir hinu sama m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 \u00ed grein Margarete Morset, H\u00e5rn\u00e5l eller heklen\u00e5l? \u00ed t\u00edmaritinu Spor<\/a><\/i> 1987.) Af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 or\u00f0 geti f\u00e6rst af einni t\u00e6kni yfir \u00e1 a\u00f0ra geri \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00f6nnum erfi\u00f0ara fyrir a\u00f0 a\u00f0 meta hvort uppl\u00fdsingar [Ross] um a\u00f0 pj\u00e5na<\/i> hafi \u00fe\u00fdtt prj\u00f3na<\/i> s\u00e9 misskilningur e\u00f0a a\u00f0 s\u00fa merking hafi veri\u00f0 til en s\u00e9 n\u00fa t\u00fdnd, segir Pedersen. H\u00fan getur s\u00e9r s\u00ed\u00f0an til a\u00f0 pj\u00e5na<\/i> hafi \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 um \u00e1kv. tv\u00edbandaprj\u00f3n, kalla\u00f0 tv\u00e5\u00e4andstickning<\/a><\/i> n\u00fa, og enn eldri notkun s\u00e9 n\u00e1lbrag\u00f0. Loks stingur h\u00fan upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 Nor\u00f0menn hafi haft or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed farteskinu \u00feegar \u00feeir n\u00e1mu land \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og jafnvel m\u00e6tti halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 pj\u00e5na<\/i> (n\u00fa pjona<\/i>) s\u00e9 n\u00fa eitt af \u00f6rf\u00e1um \u00edslenskum t\u00f6kuor\u00f0um \u00ed norsku. Satt best a\u00f0 segja skil \u00e9g ekki alveg hvernig h\u00fan hugsar s\u00ed\u00f0astnefndu fullyr\u00f0inguna en vel a\u00f0 merkja segir Pedersen sj\u00e1lf a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 \u201ek\u00e6ttersk tanke\u201c (villutr\u00faarhugmynd)!\u00a0 Fyrir um \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0an bar \u00e9g \u00feessi l\u00edkindi me\u00f0 pjone<\/i> og prj\u00f3na<\/i> undir m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0inginn Gu\u00f0r\u00fanu Kvaran en h\u00fan taldi ekki vera tengsl milli \u00feessara tveggja or\u00f0a. Myndin er af pjoning-n\u00e1l og pjonu\u00f0u stykki.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Til a\u00f0 draga \u00feetta saman m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 \u00f6ruggt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 \u00edslenska or\u00f0i\u00f0 prj\u00f3nn<\/b> hafi veri\u00f0 til, \u00ed annarri merkingu \u00fe\u00f3, \u00feegar \u00cdslendingar l\u00e6r\u00f0u a\u00f0 prj\u00f3na<\/b>. \u00dea\u00f0 a\u00f0 dregin s\u00e9 s\u00f6gn af \u00feessum verkf\u00e6rum (prj\u00f3num) hafa sumir vilja\u00f0 tengja vi\u00f0 Englendinga, \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edkt or\u00f0 \u00feekktist um verkf\u00e6ri\u00f0 prj\u00f3n \u00e1 ensku, og nota\u00f0 sem r\u00f6k fyrir a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar hafi l\u00e6rt a\u00f0 prj\u00f3na af enskum sj\u00f3m\u00f6nnum. En af \u00fev\u00ed or\u00f0i\u00f0 m\u00e1 rekja v\u00ed\u00f0ar eru \u00feetta ekki s\u00e9rlega g\u00f3\u00f0 r\u00f6k fyrir \u00feeirri tilg\u00e1tu, allt eins l\u00edklegt er a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar hafi l\u00e6rt \u00feessa t\u00e6kni af hollenskum e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fdskum. M\u00f6gulegt er a\u00f0 eitthvert or\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 til \u00ed \u00edslensku yfir n\u00e1lbrag\u00f0 sem l\u00edktist s\u00f6gninni prj\u00f3na en um \u00fea\u00f0 er ekkert vita\u00f0. (Kristj\u00e1n Eldj\u00e1rn stakk \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma upp \u00e1\u00a0or\u00f0inu n\u00e1lbrag\u00f0<\/i> og m\u00e9r vitanlega er ekki var\u00f0veitt neitt gamalt \u00edslenskt or\u00f0 yfir \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00e6kni.)<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

G\u00f6mul prj\u00f3naor\u00f0 \u00e1 hinum Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum<\/font><\/b>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n