{"id":493,"date":"2013-03-17T18:12:00","date_gmt":"2013-03-17T18:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-03-17\/thjodsagnir-um-thunglyndi-og-konur\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:56:00","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:56:00","slug":"thjodsagnir-um-thunglyndi-og-konur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/03\/17\/thjodsagnir-um-thunglyndi-og-konur\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0sagnir um \u00feunglyndi og konur"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00fat\u00edma \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0s\u00f6gur eru oft skemmtilegar, t.d. s\u00fa um a\u00f0 Hagkaup selji \u00f6\u00f0ru hvoru G-strengi fyrir fimm \u00e1ra st\u00falkub\u00f6rn e\u00f0a s\u00fa um a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1li eskim\u00f3a s\u00e9u \u00f3teljandi or\u00f0 yfir snj\u00f3. Eftir lestur greinar eftir ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn Lauru D. Hirschbein velti \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed fyrir m\u00e9r hvort sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingin um a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 miklu algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla s\u00e9 ein af \u00feessum n\u00fat\u00edma \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0s\u00f6gum sem n\u00e6stum \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt er a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a ni\u00f0ur. Greinin heitir Science, Gender, and the Emergence of Depression in American Psychiatry 1952-1980<\/a> og birtist \u00ed Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences<\/i>, 2006, 61 hefti:2, s.187. H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir ver\u00f0ur stikla\u00f0 \u00e1 st\u00f3ru um efni greinarinnar.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Post\u00de\u00f3tt a\u00f0alumfj\u00f6llunarefni\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 rekja hugmyndir um a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 miklu algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla er talvert fjalla\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig skilgreining \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi og margaugl\u00fdstar orsakir \u00feunglyndis eru fengnar me\u00f0 \u201ebaklei\u00f0slu\u201c (Facebook<\/i>-vinur minn einn stakk upp \u00e1 \u00feessu or\u00f0i sem m\u00e9r finnst l\u00fdsa fyrirb\u00e6rinu vel), \u00fe.e.a.s. me\u00f0 alkunnri r\u00f6kvillu sem heitir Post hoc ergo propter hoc<\/a>. R\u00f6klei\u00f0sla af \u00feessu tagi \u00e6tti erfitt uppdr\u00e1ttar \u00ed hugv\u00edsindum, a.m.k. get \u00e9g ekki \u00edmynda\u00f0 m\u00e9r a\u00f0 h\u00fan teldist\u00a0 t\u00e6k \u00ed m\u00ednu fagi,\u00a0 en vir\u00f0ist pr\u00fd\u00f0ilega gjaldgeng \u00ed v\u00edsindalegri ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li sagt felst\u00a0r\u00f6ksemdarf\u00e6rsla ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fyrir slembilukku uppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0u menn a\u00f0 sum lyf virtust l\u00e9tta lund sj\u00faklinga (sem voru me\u00f0 allt a\u00f0ra sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma en \u00feunglyndi), me\u00f0 d\u00fdratilraunum t\u00f3kst a\u00f0 greina \u00e1hrif lyfjanna til \u00feess a\u00f0 breyta bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heila (einkum ser\u00f3t\u00f3n\u00edn og noradrenal\u00ednframlei\u00f0slu) og \u00fev\u00ed var dregin s\u00fa \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi stafa\u00f0i af ruglingi \u00ed \u00feessari bo\u00f0aefnaframlei\u00f0lu … sem ur\u00f0u svo r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1v\u00edsa lyfjum sem breyttu bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slunni gegn \u00feunglyndi. S\u00e1 fr\u00f3\u00f0leikur sem l\u00e6knar hampa vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklinga er fenginn svona:<\/font>
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\u00deunglyndislyf breyta bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heila => \u00feunglyndi stafar af rugli \u00e1 bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heila => til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna \u00feunglyndi \u00fearf a\u00f0 taka \u00feunglyndislyf sem breyta bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu \u00ed heila.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

M\u00e6tti \u00edmynda s\u00e9r samb\u00e6rilega r\u00f6klei\u00f0slu um krabbameinslyf og krabbamein:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Krabbameinslyf valda h\u00e1rlosi => krabbamein stafar af of miklu h\u00e1ri => til a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna krabbamein \u00fearf a\u00f0 taka lyf sem\u00a0veldur h\u00e1rlosi.\u00a0\u00a0<\/font><\/p>\n

<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sj\u00e1 n\u00e1tt\u00farlega allir \u00ed hendi s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00feetta er hundal\u00f3g\u00edk og rugl. Samt er fullt af f\u00f3lki sem tr\u00fair \u00feessari speki n\u00fat\u00edmage\u00f0l\u00e6kninga um orsakir \u00feunglyndis.<\/font>
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\u00cd pr\u00f3funum \u00e1 \u00feessum lyfjum sem breyttu bo\u00f0efnaframlei\u00f0slu heilans var fylgst me\u00f0 hva\u00f0 breyttist einkum \u00ed l\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feeirra sem lyfin voru pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 \u00e1, \u00feau einkenni gr\u00fappu\u00f0 saman og k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi, lyfin s\u00ed\u00f0an marka\u00f0ssett sem and-\u00feunglyndislyf (antidepressant), \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00feau dr\u00e6gju \u00far \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00fa voru or\u00f0in vi\u00f0urkennd einkenni \u00feunglyndis.<\/font>
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Fyrstu ge\u00f0lyfjatilraunir sem tengdust lyfjafyrirt\u00e6kjum, um og upp\u00far 1950, voru \u00feannig a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar pr\u00f3fu\u00f0u lyf \u00e1 alls konar sj\u00faklingum, oft inniliggjandi \u00e1 sp\u00edt\u00f6lum. Lyfin voru ekki pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 einum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi \u00f6\u00f0rum fremur enda sort\u00e9ring ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma fremur frumst\u00e6\u00f0 og engin s\u00e9rst\u00f6k m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki voru til a\u00f0 meta \u00e1rangurinn. \u00cd \u00feessum fyrstu lyfjatilraunum voru miklu fleiri kvenkyns sj\u00faklingar en karlkyns, sem endurspegla\u00f0i einfaldlega kynjaskiptingu sj\u00faklingah\u00f3ps \u00e1 ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum. (Um \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00feess a\u00f0 innl\u00f6g\u00f0um k\u00f6rlum\u00a0 f\u00e6kka\u00f0i \u00e1 amer\u00edskum ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum eftir str\u00ed\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 talsvert bollalagt en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki efni \u00feessarar f\u00e6rslu.) A\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti voru ge\u00f0lyfjapr\u00f3fanir andst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00f6\u00f0rum lyfjapr\u00f3funum \u00e1 sama t\u00edma \u00fev\u00ed oft voru lyf eing\u00f6ngu pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 \u00e1 k\u00f6rlum.<\/font><\/p>\n

A\u00f0fer\u00f0arfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed lyfjatilraunum batna\u00f0i sm\u00e1m saman og \u00e1 sj\u00f6tta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 velja sj\u00faklingah\u00f3pa \u00ed \u00feunglyndislyfjatilraunir. Sj\u00faklingar m\u00e1ttu bara taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed svolei\u00f0is tilraunum ef \u00feeir s\u00fdndu einhver einkenni \u00feunglyndis en \u00feeir sem str\u00edddu vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur vandam\u00e1l, t.d. alk\u00f3h\u00f3lisma, voru \u00fatiloka\u00f0ir. Um lei\u00f0 var skilgreiningin \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi \u00ferengd mj\u00f6g: \u00deunglyndir voru \u00feeir einir sem s\u00fdna m\u00e1tti fram \u00e1 a\u00f0\u00a0g\u00e6tu hloti\u00f0\u00a0bata af \u00feunglyndislyfjum. \u00deessi strangari sort\u00e9ring j\u00f3k enn v\u00e6gi kvenkyns pr\u00f3fenda \u00ed h\u00f3pi \u00feeirra sem \u00feunglyndislyf voru pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 \u00e1. Rannsakendur h\u00f6f\u00f0u litlar sem engar \u00e1hyggjur af kynjahallanum en \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1 finna d\u00e6mi af einum rannsakanda sem bendi \u00e1 a\u00f0 kynjahalli \u00ed \u00feunglyndi hyrfi ef alk\u00f3h\u00f3lismi v\u00e6ri talinn me\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"\u00feunglyndUpp \u00far 1970 l\u00fdstu \u00feunglyndislyfjarannsakendur \u00fev\u00ed almennt yfir a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi v\u00e6ri algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla. \u00c1 \u00e1ttunda \u00e1ratugnum \u00f3x kvenr\u00e9ttindahreyfingum fiskur um hrygg og f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsindamenn hoppu\u00f0u \u00e1 yfirl\u00fdsingar lyfjarannsakenda og f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 greina hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed f\u00e9lagslegu umhverfi kvenna g\u00e6tu gert illt verra \u00feegar liti\u00f0 v\u00e6ri til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeim v\u00e6ri h\u00e6ttara til a\u00f0 veikjast af \u00feunglyndi en k\u00f6rlum. Sm\u00e1m saman var\u00f0 hugmyndin um a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi v\u00e6ri fyrst og fremst kvennasj\u00fakd\u00f3mur a\u00f0 kennisetningu sem f\u00e1ir ur\u00f0u til a\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdna<\/strong>. M\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00feessi n\u00fdja kennisetning hafi n\u00e1\u00f0 h\u00e6stu h\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed vi\u00f0amikilli ranns\u00f3kn \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi \u00fear sem eing\u00f6ngu voru rannsaka\u00f0ar konur. Af ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unum voru hins vegar dregnar \u00e1lyktanir um \u00feunglyndi almennt og \u00ed greinaskrifum um \u00feessa ranns\u00f3kn var upp og ofan hvort \u00feess var geti\u00f0 \u00ed titlum e\u00f0a \u00fatdr\u00e1ttum a\u00f0 vi\u00f0f\u00f6ng ranns\u00f3knarinnar hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 konur einar.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deunglyndislyfjaranns\u00f3knir voru sem sagt fr\u00e1 upphafi ger\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00f3flokku\u00f0um h\u00f3pum me\u00f0 ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma \u00fear sem halla\u00f0i mj\u00f6g \u00e1 karla \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku, \u00feunglyndi skilgreint \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a einkenni \u00feunglyndislyfin virtust sl\u00e1 \u00e1, virkni lyfjanna vi\u00f0 akk\u00farat \u00feessum einkennum var s\u00ed\u00f0an notu\u00f0 til augl\u00fdsa lyfin sem and-\u00feunglyndislyf (anti-depressant). \u00dearf varla a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 konur voru \u00ed meirihluta \u00feeirra sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feessi einkenni, voru \u00fe.a.l. greindar \u00feunglyndar af vel uppl\u00fdstum og velaugl\u00fdsingalesnum l\u00e6knum og ur\u00f0u mikill meirihluti hra\u00f0vaxandi \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklingah\u00f3ps.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Mar\ufffda\u00dea\u00f0 vakti s\u00e9rstaka athygli m\u00edna a\u00f0 Hirschbein segir fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed fyrstu almennt sam\u00feykktu skilgreiningunni \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi, \u00fe.e.a.s. upptalningu sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenna \u00ed DSM-III<\/i> (sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 1980), var pirringur (l\u00fdsing \u00e1 \u201eirritability\u201c) sem sagt var geta einkennt \u00feunglyndi barna og unglinga. \u00deegar n\u00e6sta \u00fatg\u00e1fa af greiningarlyklinum kom \u00fat, DSM-IIIR<\/i> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1987, var b\u00fai\u00f0 a\u00f0 fella \u00feetta einkenni \u00fat og \u00fea\u00f0 hefur ekki birst aftur. Hirschbein nefnir \u00feetta bara \u00ed ne\u00f0anm\u00e1lsgrein en af \u00fev\u00ed \u00e9g er \u00f6rugglega ekki eini \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklingurinn sem ver\u00f0 \u00f3stj\u00f3rnlega pirru\u00f0 \u00fat af sm\u00e1munum \u00feegar sj\u00fakd\u00f3murinn blossar upp velti \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed fyrir m\u00e9r af hverju pirringur er ekki lengur talinn me\u00f0 \u00ed einkennum \u00feunglyndis (hann er heldur ekki talinn \u00ed ICD-10<\/i>, \u00feeim greiningarlykli sem \u00edslenskt heilbrig\u00f0iskerfi \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota). \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess sem \u00e9g fjalla\u00f0i um \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ustu f\u00e6rslu<\/a> hvarflar a\u00f0 m\u00e9r a\u00f0 pirringur s\u00e9 ekki talinn sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni \u00feunglyndis af \u00fev\u00ed hann samr\u00fdmist ekki hugmyndum (ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna?) um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig konur s\u00e9u \u00ed innsta e\u00f0li s\u00ednu; \u201ehin g\u00f3\u00f0a kona\u201c er vissulega veiklynd og gr\u00e1tgj\u00f6rn … en skilur allt og umber allt. Og af \u00fev\u00ed erkit\u00fdpa \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklings er einmitt s\u00fa sama og erkit\u00fdpa kvenna a\u00f0 mati n\u00fat\u00edmakarlremba (\u00e1\u00f0ur var \u00feessi t\u00fdpa kannski \u00feekktust sem mynd r\u00f3mant\u00edskra sk\u00e1lda af m\u00e6\u00f0rum s\u00ednum …\u00a0 \u00e6tli megi ekki rekja hana aftur til Mar\u00edu meyjar) er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 fella \u00fat sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni sem ekki falla a\u00f0 \u00feeirri d\u00fdrlegu kvenmynd. \u00c9g reikna me\u00f0 a\u00f0 einhverjar svona undirliggjandi hugmyndir hafi valdi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 pirringur \u00far h\u00f3fi fram telst ekki lengur einkenni \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi.<\/font><\/p>\n

Og svo f\u00f3ru menn a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 \u00ed af hverju konur yr\u00f0u miklu frekar \u00feunglyndar en karlar. \u00cd greininni segir af ranns\u00f3kn Klaiber o.fl. en Klaiber \u00feessi var sannf\u00e6r\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 estr\u00f3gen-horm\u00f3ni\u00f0 virka\u00f0i eitthva\u00f0 samfara\u00a0 bo\u00f0efnarugli \u00ed heila. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00edtarlegar ranns\u00f3knir t\u00f3kst honum ekki a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra s\u00f6nnur \u00e1 a\u00f0 estr\u00f3gen hef\u00f0i neitt me\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi kvenna a\u00f0 gera. Samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur l\u00fdsti hann \u00feessu yfir:<\/font>
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\u00deunglyndi er fylgifiskur fyrirt\u00ed\u00f0arspennu. \u00deess vegna er freistandi a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort fyrirt\u00ed\u00f0arspenna og \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9u hvort tveggju hluti af s\u00f6mu samfellu \u00fear sem styrkur MAO (m\u00f3n\u00f3am\u00ed\u00f0s) greini \u00feetta tvennt a\u00f0.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00c1huginn \u00e1 meintu mikilv\u00e6gi kvenhorm\u00f3na \u00ed \u00feunglyndi var svo mikill a\u00f0 einn ranns\u00f3knarh\u00f3pur \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00fdta \u00feessar hugmyndir fyrir \u00feunglynda karla og r\u00f6kstuddi tilraun s\u00edna \u00feannig:<\/font>
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[…] ef ofurkvenleiki (being ‘more female’) t\u00e1lmar sv\u00f6run sj\u00faklings vi\u00f0 imipram\u00edni (g\u00f6mlu \u00fer\u00edhringlaga \u00feunglyndislyfi) og ef karlmennska (being male) b\u00e6tir sv\u00f6run (\u00e1samt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 minnka l\u00edkur \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi) \u00fe\u00e1 g\u00e6ti aukin karlmanneska (being ‘more male’) b\u00e6tt sv\u00f6run vi\u00f0 imipram\u00edn enn frekar.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Svo rannsakendur reyndu a\u00f0 gefa fimm \u00feunglyndum karlm\u00f6nnum test\u00f3ster\u00f3n. \u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur fengu fj\u00f3rir af \u00feessum fimm k\u00f6rlum sj\u00faklega ofs\u00f3knarkennd af test\u00f3ster\u00f3ninu. Ranns\u00f3knarh\u00f3purinn j\u00e1ta\u00f0i sig \u00fe\u00f3 engan veginn sigra\u00f0an heldur l\u00fdsti yfir: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 er freistandi a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota karlhorm\u00f3n h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00feeim sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi \u00feessara fj\u00f6gurra karla fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera d\u00e6miger\u00f0ur sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur kvenna til \u00feess a\u00f0 vera d\u00e6miger\u00f0ur sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur karla.\u201c<\/font><\/p>\n

Hirschbein rekur s\u00ed\u00f0an hvernig m\u00e6lit\u00e6ki til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la \u00feunglyndi hafi veri\u00f0 afar kynjami\u00f0u\u00f0, annars vegar Hamilton-skalinn sem var upphaflega \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ur eing\u00f6ngu me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af karlkyns \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklingum og hins vegar ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0arkvar\u00f0a Becks, sem var hanna\u00f0ur me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af sj\u00faklingah\u00f3pi \u00fear sem konur voru \u00ed meirihluta. H\u00f6nnun beggja m\u00e6lit\u00e6kjanna haf\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si a\u00f0 m\u00e6la \u00e1rangur me\u00f0fer\u00f0a sem veri\u00f0 var a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa (Hamilton-kvar\u00f0inn til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la \u00e1rangur \u00ed \u00feunglyndislyfjatilraunum, Becks-kvar\u00f0inn til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la \u00e1rangur af hugr\u00e6nni atferlisme\u00f0fer\u00f0) en ekki a\u00f0 m\u00e6la\/kvar\u00f0a tiltekinn sj\u00fakd\u00f3m, \u00fe.e. \u00feunglyndi. Seinna meir var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota Becks kvar\u00f0ann til a\u00f0 skima fyrir \u00feunglyndi me\u00f0al almennings en menn hafa aldrei velt \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort svona spurningalisti um tilfinningar, hanna\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la l\u00e6kningarm\u00e1tt \u00e1kve\u00f0innar s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ime\u00f0fer\u00f0ar me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af h\u00f3pum sem konur skipu\u00f0u a\u00f0 meirihluta, henti k\u00f6rlum e\u00f0a virki yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 sem gott greiningart\u00e6ki \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi karla.<\/font><\/p>\n

Skv. grein Hirschbein hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0 almennilega hvort konum h\u00e6tti meir til \u00feunglyndis en k\u00f6rlum<\/b>. Rannsakendur g\u00e1fu s\u00e9r \u00ed upphafi \u00feunglyndislyfjaranns\u00f3kna a\u00f0 fleiri konur v\u00e6ru \u00feunglyndar en karlmenn (sem stafar af kynjahlutfalli sj\u00faklinga \u00e1 amer\u00edskum ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum eftir str\u00ed\u00f0); \u00fe.a.l. hefur \u00e1herslan veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 greina konur, veita konum l\u00e6knishj\u00e1lp (a\u00f0allega \u00e1v\u00edsa \u00feeim lyfjum) og setja fram kenningar bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 konum sem hefur svo leitt til \u00feeirrar ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla. Eftir lestur greinarinnar liggur \u00ed augum uppi a\u00f0 meginvandinn er s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 skilgreint sem sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur<\/strong> heldur skilgreint sem listi einkenna sem \u00e1kve\u00f0in lyf kunna a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a b\u00f3t \u00e1 stundum. A\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati hefur l\u00e6knav\u00edsindunum \u00feoka\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega ekkert fr\u00e1 t\u00edmum Hipp\u00f3kratesar \u00ed skilningi \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kenningin um a\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 algengara me\u00f0al kvenna en karla vir\u00f0ist \u00fev\u00ed studd af svipa\u00f0ri “baklei\u00f0slu\u201c (Post hoc ergo propter hoc) og kenningin um a\u00f0 bo\u00f0efnarugl \u00ed heila s\u00e9 ors\u00f6k \u00feunglyndis: Hvort tveggja \u00e1 l\u00edti\u00f0 skylt vi\u00f0 v\u00edsindi heldur eru n\u00fat\u00edma go\u00f0s\u00f6gur.<\/strong><\/font>
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N\u00fat\u00edma \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0s\u00f6gur eru oft skemmtilegar, t.d. s\u00fa um a\u00f0 Hagkaup selji \u00f6\u00f0ru hvoru G-strengi fyrir fimm \u00e1ra st\u00falkub\u00f6rn e\u00f0a s\u00fa um a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1li eskim\u00f3a s\u00e9u \u00f3teljandi or\u00f0 yfir snj\u00f3. Eftir lestur greinar eftir ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-493","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gedlyf"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/493","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=493"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/493\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":592,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/493\/revisions\/592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=493"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=493"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=493"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}