{"id":501,"date":"2013-04-19T18:58:25","date_gmt":"2013-04-19T18:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-04-19\/gedlaekningar-og-gedveiki-fordum\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:46:48","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:46:48","slug":"gedlaekningar-og-gedveiki-fordum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/04\/19\/gedlaekningar-og-gedveiki-fordum\/","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar og ge\u00f0veiki for\u00f0um"},"content":{"rendered":"

Undanfari\u00f0 hef \u00e9g veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 lesa svol\u00edti\u00f0 um ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar fyrri t\u00edma og reynt a\u00f0 gl\u00f6ggva mig \u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 baki l\u00e6kningum og vi\u00f0horfum til ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra. \u00c9g er or\u00f0in d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00fereytt \u00e1 amr\u00edsku sj\u00f3narhorni \u00ed skrifum um s\u00f6gu ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga e\u00f0a eil\u00edfum tilvitnunum \u00ed ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li \u00ed Frakklandi og Bretlandi og keypti \u00feess vegna b\u00f3kina Psykiatriens historie i Danmark<\/i>, eftir a\u00f0 hafa lesi\u00f0 marga feikig\u00f3\u00f0a d\u00f3ma um \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00f3k (sem kom \u00fat 2008). B\u00f3kin stendur algerlega undir v\u00e6ntingum. Kannski er \u00fea\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 ritstj\u00f3ri hennar, Jesper Vacsy Kragh, er sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur en ekki ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir\/l\u00e6knir? Alt\u00e9nt hefur veri\u00f0 beitt str\u00f6ngum sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0um vi\u00f0 samningu b\u00f3karinnar, \u00fe.e.a.s. frumheimildir sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar gaumg\u00e6filega og reynt a\u00f0 setja umfj\u00f6llunarefni\u00f0 \u00ed samhengi vi\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0aranda hvers t\u00edma.<\/font><\/p>\n

Eiginlega er \u00e9g bara b\u00fain a\u00f0 lesa fyrsta hlutann almennilega, St. Hans Hospital i K\u00f8benhavn 1612-1808, e. Barb\u00f6ru Zalewski. H\u00fan er doktor \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i og reyndar s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi konungshir\u00f0arinnar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00e1 17. \u00f6ld og 18. \u00f6ld, svona auk s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00feekkingar \u00ed m\u00e1lefnum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra \u00e1 sama t\u00edma … kannski skarast \u00feessi fr\u00e6\u00f0asvi\u00f0\u00a0 \ud83d\ude09\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 sem vakti einkum athygli m\u00edna \u00ed \u00feessari umfj\u00f6llun var a\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakir h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fea\u00f0 alveg s\u00e6milegt \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hag almennings \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og um\u00f6nnun \u00feeirra ver\u00f0ur seint talin einkennast af fjandsemi og nau\u00f0ung. <\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd d\u00f6nskum l\u00f6gum, allt fr\u00e1 Eriks Sj\u00e6llandske Lov fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um 1250, hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 finna samsvarandi grein og \u00ed \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum, allt fr\u00e1 Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s, um a\u00f0 \u00e6ttingjar eigi a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakum\/vitfirrtum farbor\u00f0a s\u00e9u \u00feeir \u00f3f\u00e6rir um \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfir. Danska lagagreinin er raunar enn \u00ed gildi \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 felld \u00far gildi og gengur ekki \u00ed berh\u00f6gg vi\u00f0 n\u00faverandi l\u00f6g \u00ed landinu. En \u00fe\u00f3tt “fr\u00e6nder” \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 um s\u00edna ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga var\u00f0 \u00e6 meiri \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 axla\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e6r skyldur og fyrsta ge\u00f0veikrah\u00fasi\u00f0, forveri St. Hans sp\u00edtalans, var sett \u00e1 f\u00f3t 1612.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessum fyrsta hluta b\u00f3karinnar er reynt a\u00f0 k\u00e6fa nokkrar l\u00edfseigar go\u00f0sagnir. Ein go\u00f0s\u00f6gnin er a\u00f0 \u00e1 sext\u00e1ndu og sautj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld hafi almennt veri\u00f0 tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakir v\u00e6ru haldnir illum anda. Zalewski t\u00ednir til heimildir fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 svo hafi aldrei veri\u00f0, meira a\u00f0 segja var \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 k\u00f6nnu presta a\u00f0 greina milli \u00feess hvort menn v\u00e6ru \u00ed alv\u00f6runni andsetnir e\u00f0a ge\u00f0veikir og prestar \u00e1ttu ekki \u00ed neinum vandr\u00e6\u00f0um me\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja \u00fear \u00e1 milli. Og vissulega er \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 almenningur haf\u00f0i stundum greindarskerta og ge\u00f0veika (\u00fea\u00f0 var ekki greint \u00fearna \u00e1 milli) a\u00f0 d\u00e1ri og sp\u00e9i en raunar h\u00f6f\u00f0u Kaupmannahafnarb\u00faar \u00e1 17. og 18. \u00f6ld hvern \u00feann a\u00f0 skotsp\u00e6ni sem skar sig \u00far fj\u00f6ldanum.<\/font><\/p>\n

S\u00f6mulei\u00f0is er bori\u00f0 til baka a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki \u00ed ge\u00f0rofi hafi veri\u00f0 tro\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed rimlab\u00far sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0ust d\u00e1rakistur. D\u00e1rakisturnar voru ekki b\u00far heldur p\u00ednul\u00edtil herbergi (\u00feau minnstu voru 2,5 fermetrar … m\u00e6tti kannski kalla \u00fe\u00e6r sk\u00e1pa en \u00f6rugglega ekki rimlab\u00far) me\u00f0 naglf\u00f6stu r\u00fami, naglf\u00f6stum kamri, sterkum veggjum og j\u00e1rnhur\u00f0. \u00de\u00e6r voru bygg\u00f0ar af illri nau\u00f0syn: \u00dea\u00f0 var hreinlega ekki mannafli til a\u00f0 hemja stj\u00f3rnlausa einstaklinga, sem brutu allt og br\u00f6mlu\u00f0u og voru h\u00e6ttulegir sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r og \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00deetta er t.d. r\u00f6kstutt me\u00f0 grunnteikningu af d\u00e1rakistum sp\u00edtalans fr\u00e1 1738. Og f\u00f3lk var ekki haldi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum p\u00ednuherbergjum til eil\u00edf\u00f0arn\u00f3ns heldur s\u00e9st \u00e1 skr\u00e1m sp\u00edtalans a\u00f0 menn eru settir \u00ed d\u00e1rakistu \u00ed stuttan t\u00edma, svo f\u00e1 \u00feeir aftur a\u00f0 hverfa til sinna venjulegu herbergja \u00feegar \u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 rennur af \u00feeim. Raunar kemur fram seint \u00ed \u00feessum kafla a\u00f0 spennitreyjan (illr\u00e6mda n\u00fatildags) hafi veri\u00f0 mikil frelsun fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem \u00e1 rann \u00e6\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed eftir a\u00f0 spennitreyjur komu til s\u00f6gunnar hafi ekki \u00feurft a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra sj\u00faklinga \u00ed s\u00e9rstaklega rammbygg\u00f0u herbergin (d\u00e1rakisturnar) ni\u00f0ri \u00ed kjallara\u00a0heldur hafi m\u00e1tt \u00f3la \u00fe\u00e1 og leyfa \u00feeim a\u00f0 vera \u00e1fram samvistum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra sj\u00faklinga \u00ed mun sk\u00e1rri vistarverum.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd b\u00f3kinni L\u00edf og l\u00e6kningar. \u00cdslensk heilbrig\u00f0issaga<\/i> eftir J\u00f3n \u00d3laf \u00cdsberg (\u00fatg. 2005) er \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0eins\u00a0gefi\u00f0 undir f\u00f3tinn a\u00f0\u00a0brennimerking f\u00f3lks me\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma hafi veri\u00f0 \u00f3\u00feekkt uns Kleppur var stofna\u00f0ur, \u00fe.e. uns \u201ev\u00edsindalegar\u201c ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar h\u00f3fust \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00c9g hef svol\u00edti\u00f0 velt \u00feessu fyrir m\u00e9r en sosum ekki komist a\u00f0 neinni ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00cd leit \u00e1 timarit.is<\/i> m\u00e1 finna aldargamlar fr\u00e9ttir\/fr\u00e1sagnir af melank\u00f3l\u00edsku e\u00f0a \u00feunglyndu f\u00f3lki (af b\u00e1\u00f0um kynjum) sem fyrirf\u00f3r s\u00e9r en hvergi er neinn d\u00f3mur felldur yfir \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f3lki, \u00ed rauninni er\u00a0greint fr\u00e1 sl\u00edkum mannsl\u00e1tum \u00e1 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega sama kaldranalega hlutlausa h\u00e1ttinn og hverjum \u00f6\u00f0rum banaslysum. Sj\u00e1 t.d. \u00feessa fr\u00e9tt \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi<\/i> 23.10. 1903<\/a>:<\/font>
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Slysf\u00f6r .<\/font><\/b>
\nA\u00f0faran\u00f3ttina 4. \u00fe. m. fyrirf\u00f3r s\u00e9r gipt kona fr\u00e1 Hvammi \u00ed L\u00f3ni Berglj\u00f3t J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir (fr\u00e1 Hofi \u00ed \u00d6r\u00e6fum \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar). Haf\u00f0i h\u00fan veri\u00f0 nokkra daga til l\u00e6kninga \u00e1 Reyniv\u00f6llum \u00ed Su\u00f0ursveit, en gisti \u00e1 Stapa \u00ed Nesjum \u00e1 lei\u00f0inni heim til s\u00edn laugardagskveldi\u00f0 3. \u00fe. m. Var horfin \u00far r\u00faminu um morguninn og fannst dau\u00f0 \u00ed \u00deveitinni, vatni fyrir innan Bjarnaneshverfi\u00f0. H\u00fan haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00feunglynd um hr\u00ed\u00f0 og heilsubilu\u00f0, en myndarkona. Var komin h\u00e1tt \u00e1 fertugsaldur.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Klass\u00edsk eldri d\u00e6mi\u00a0m\u00e1 finna \u00ed \u00a0\u00edslenskri m\u00e1ls\u00f6gu, nefnilega af sr. J\u00f3ni Halld\u00f3rssyni sem d\u00f3 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1779. Einn ann\u00e1laritari ritar a\u00f0 hann hafi veri\u00f0 \u201egamall klerkur og \u00e6\u00f0isgenginn\u201c me\u00f0an annar ann\u00e1laritari segir hann hafa veri\u00f0 \u201efr\u00e1 s\u00e9r numinn\u201c. Hvorgur ann\u00e1laritarinn gerir \u00e1 nokkurn h\u00e1tt l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far sr. J\u00f3ni \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir noti or\u00f0alag sem okkur n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00f6nnum kann a\u00f0 finnast skondi\u00f0. L\u00edklega \u00fearf \u00e9g a\u00f0 leggjast \u00ed ann\u00e1lalestur til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 gl\u00f6ggva mig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvort ge\u00f0bilu\u00f0u f\u00f3lki\u00a0hafi veri\u00f0\u00a0eitthva\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi l\u00fdst en \u00f6\u00f0rum. Ef marka m\u00e1 b\u00f3kina um s\u00f6gu ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku hafa menn teki\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki eins og hverjum \u00f6\u00f0rum krankleik e\u00f0a hundsbiti fyrr \u00e1 \u00f6ldum, me\u00f0an enn var ekkert opinbert ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningakerfi.<\/font><\/p>\n

Hagur ge\u00f0veikra \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningabatter\u00edinu danska snarversnar \u00feegar komi\u00f0 er fram \u00e1 18. \u00f6ld, \u00feegar J.H. Seidelin var\u00f0 yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 St. Hans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1816 og uns hann var settur af, \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 \u00e1 kv\u00f6rtun sj\u00faklings,\u00a0\u00e1ri\u00f0 1831. Fyrir \u00feann t\u00edma vir\u00f0ast menn ekki hafa haft \u00fdkja m\u00f3ta\u00f0ar hugmyndir um ge\u00f0veika, reyndu bara a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1 veikustu \u00far umfer\u00f0, veita \u00feeim s\u00e6milega umm\u00f6nnun og vonast til a\u00f0 \u00feeim batna\u00f0i af sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r. S\u00e1raf\u00e1ir \u00feeirra sem komu a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra voru l\u00e6knismennta\u00f0ir. En Seidelin var velmennta\u00f0ur l\u00e6knir og fylgdi n\u00fdjum hugmyndum um a\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakir v\u00e6ru sj\u00faklingar sem \u00feyrftu me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00fakrastofnun r\u00e9tt eins og a\u00f0rir sj\u00faklingar. A\u00f0 baki l\u00e1 au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00faman\u00edska vi\u00f0horf a\u00f0 gera ekki upp \u00e1 milli sj\u00faklinga eftir sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum.\u00a0 <\/font><\/p>\n

Seidelin taldi mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 beita l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um, \u201epsykiske kurmetoder\u201c \u00ed me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga. \u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur f\u00f3lust \u00feessar \u201epsykiske kurmetoder\u201c oft \u00ed a\u00f0 aga sj\u00faklinginn me\u00f0 l\u00edkamlegum refsingum \u00fdmiss konar. M\u00e1 nefna b\u00f6\u00f0, spennitreyjur, st\u00f3la sem menn voru bundnir \u00ed, svelti, upps\u00f6lulyf, \u00feorstame\u00f0fer\u00f0 (menn fengu ekkert a\u00f0 drekka langt\u00edmunum saman) o.s.fr. \u00dea\u00f0 hl\u00e1lega er a\u00f0 \u00feessi me\u00f0fer\u00f0 Seidelins, sem vekur andstygg\u00f0 okkar n\u00fat\u00edmamanna, bygg\u00f0i l\u00edklega \u00e1 \u00feeirri n\u00fdju hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki v\u00e6ri l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur (\u201esomatisk\u201c),\u00a0ekki \u00f3svipu\u00f0um\u00a0hugmyndum og eru hva\u00f0 mest \u00ed m\u00f3\u00f0 me\u00f0al ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna n\u00fat\u00edmans. Ekki hefur var\u00f0veist miki\u00f0 af efni eftir Seidelin sj\u00e1lfan en samt\u00edmama\u00f0ur hans, l\u00e6knirinn\u00a0 F.C Howitz, birti grein \u00e1ri\u00f0 1824 \u00fear sem hann gerir grein fyrir \u00feessum n\u00fdju \u201ev\u00edsindalegu\u201c hugmyndum, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 uppruni ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma s\u00e9 \u00ed l\u00edff\u00e6runum, og segir:<\/font>
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Afsindighet [or\u00f0i\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00e1 var nota\u00f0 yfir ge\u00f0r\u00e6na sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma] bestaaer i en Indskr\u00e6nkning af Fornuften eller Fornuftens Brug formedelst en Sygdom i de materielle Organer for Sj\u00e6lens Virksomhed. For saa vidt den yttrer sig i Handlingen bestaaer den i en Mangel af fornuftig Selvbestemmelse foranlediget af samme legemlige Aarsag.<\/font>
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\u00c9g er ekki komin lengra \u00ed b\u00f3kinni. En \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00f3neitanlega merkilegt a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f3huggulegu l\u00e6knisa\u00f0ger\u00f0ir sem vi\u00f0 teljum pyndingar skulu hafa komi\u00f0 til s\u00f6gunnar \u00feegar menn ger\u00f0ust v\u00edsindalegir, \u00fe.e. \u00feegar l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0in h\u00f3f innrei\u00f0 s\u00edna \u00ed me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra.<\/font>
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Undanfari\u00f0 hef \u00e9g veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 lesa svol\u00edti\u00f0 um ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar fyrri t\u00edma og reynt a\u00f0 gl\u00f6ggva mig \u00e1 hugmyndafr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 baki l\u00e6kningum og vi\u00f0horfum til ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra. \u00c9g er or\u00f0in d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00fereytt \u00e1 amr\u00edsku sj\u00f3narhorni \u00ed skrifum …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=501"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":584,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/501\/revisions\/584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}