{"id":503,"date":"2013-05-01T16:15:39","date_gmt":"2013-05-01T16:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-01\/gedlaeknismedferd-i-danmorku-1850-1920\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:46:19","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:46:19","slug":"gedlaeknismedferd-i-danmorku-1850-1920","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/01\/gedlaeknismedferd-i-danmorku-1850-1920\/","title":{"rendered":"Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku 1850-1920"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00deetta er framhald af fyrri f\u00e6rslu, Danskar ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar 1850-1920<\/a>, og h\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur sj\u00f3num beint a\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um sem danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar beittu \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu (og voru fyrirmynd \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00cdslandi fr\u00e1 stofnun Klepps \u00e1ri\u00f0 1907).<\/font><\/p>\n

Sem fyrr sag\u00f0i var h\u00e6li\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft (fagurt umhverfi, einangrun og vinna) mikilv\u00e6gur li\u00f0ur \u00ed l\u00e6kningunni. \u00cd hlutverki yfirl\u00e6knis \u00e1 ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li f\u00f3lst miklu meira en yfirl\u00e6knis \u00e1 venjulegum sp\u00edtala \u00fev\u00ed hann var\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera sj\u00faklingum \u00e6\u00f0ri \u00ed andlegum efnum og si\u00f0fer\u00f0i. \u00deetta hlutverk yfirl\u00e6knis endurspegla\u00f0ist \u00ed ark\u00edtekt\u00far n\u00fdrra ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6la: B\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00c1r\u00f3sum og Oringe (Vordingborg) var b\u00fasta\u00f0ur yfirl\u00e6knsins \u00ed a\u00f0albyggingunni me\u00f0 gott \u00fats\u00fdni yfir h\u00e6li\u00f0 svo hann g\u00e6ti haft auga me\u00f0 sj\u00faklingunum a\u00f0 ofan.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Ge\u00f0veikiR\u00e1\u00f0 til aga (valdbeiting) voru leyfileg hef\u00f0u \u00feau l\u00e6kningargildi. Breski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn John Connolly haf\u00f0i fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed lok fj\u00f3r\u00f0a \u00e1ratugar n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed mj\u00f6g \u00e1 lofti a\u00f0 \u00fevingunar\u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i, s.s. spennitreyjur, \u00e6tti a\u00f0 for\u00f0ast. Hugmyndin um fj\u00f6tralausa, \u00fe.e. \u201eno restraint\u201c, me\u00f0fer\u00f0 setti mark sitt \u00e1 allar evr\u00f3pskar ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar. H\u00fan var l\u00edka r\u00e6dd \u00ed fyrstu kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 danskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna en vi\u00f0horf \u00feeirra voru beggja blands. Selmer taldi t.d. a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta alveg a\u00f0 nota \u00fevingunarst\u00f3l, spennitreyju og belti v\u00e6ri hvorki skynsamlegt n\u00e9 mann\u00fa\u00f0legt. \u201eStundum eru verkf\u00e6ri til \u00fevingunar \u00ed rauninni ekki anna\u00f0 en nokkurs konar stu\u00f0ningsumb\u00fa\u00f0ir, sem hafa \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0\u00a0hrinda vissum \u00feerap\u00edskum m\u00f6guleikum, eins og hl\u00fdju af s\u00e6ng [e\u00f0a] l\u00edkamlegri hv\u00edld, \u00ed framkv\u00e6md\u201c skrifa\u00f0i hann \u00e1ri\u00f0 1856. A\u00f0 mati Selmers \u00e1tti \u00e1vallt a\u00f0 vega og meta hva\u00f0 k\u00e6mi sj\u00faklingnum best og ef \u00fevingun v\u00e6ri best skyldi nota hana.<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin er af sj\u00faklingi me\u00f0 dementia paralytica (sem Danir k\u00f6llu\u00f0u svo), \u00fe.e.a.s. ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3m af v\u00f6ldum s\u00fdfilis. H\u00fan birtist \u00ed merkilegu lj\u00f3smyndasafni ungverska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisins Nicolae G. Chernbach<\/a>, \u00fatg. 1870.<\/font>
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R\u00famlega<\/b><\/font>
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Strax eftir a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingur haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 lag\u00f0ur inn var byrja\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 meta hva\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 honum, skv. einkennum, og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 hafin \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 var lj\u00f3st. Til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 \u00e1tti sj\u00faklingurinn a\u00f0 vera sem mest \u00ed r\u00f3 og for\u00f0ast hugar\u00e6sing: \u201eSvo lengi sem ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur er br\u00e1\u00f0ur (akut) ver\u00f0ur hi\u00f0 s\u00fdkta l\u00edff\u00e6ri – heilinn – a\u00f0 vera \u00ed fullkominni r\u00f3\u201c sag\u00f0i Valdimar Steenberg \u00e1 St. Hans Hospital 1890. \u00cd kennslub\u00f3k fr\u00e1 1920, Vejledning i Sindssygepleje<\/i>, er a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn f\u00e1i r\u00f3, sem m\u00e6tti m.a. n\u00e1 me\u00f0 \u201elangvarandi r\u00famlegu \u00fear sem hin hlj\u00f3\u00f0a einsleita tilvera\u00a0er truflu\u00f0 sem minnst.\u201c B\u00e6\u00f0i Knud Pontoppidan og Christian Geill r\u00f6kstuddu l\u00e6kningargildi langrar r\u00famlegu \u00e1 l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan h\u00e1tt. Geill sag\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e6r jafna bl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00edkamanum, sem hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f3standi, og \u00feannig leggja af m\u00f6rkum til a\u00f0 truflanir \u00e1 n\u00e6ringu \u00ed heila hverfi, \u00ed Om Sindsygdom<\/a><\/i>, \u00fatg. 1899. Pontoppidan tekur \u00ed svipa\u00f0an streng \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0leggingum um me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun \u00feunglyndis (sj\u00e1 ne\u00f0ar \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni) \u00fev\u00ed r\u00famlega hafi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00f6ndun og p\u00fals.<\/font><\/p>\n

Fyrst eftir innl\u00f6gn \u00e1tti sem sagt sem f\u00e6st a\u00f0 raska r\u00f3 sj\u00faklings. S\u00ed\u00f0ar meir m\u00e1tti sj\u00faklingurinn f\u00e1 heims\u00f3knir en \u00fe\u00e6r \u00feurfti \u00fe\u00f3\u00a0yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e6vinlega a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja fyrirfram. S\u00f6mulei\u00f0is ritsko\u00f0a\u00f0i yfirl\u00e6knirinn \u00f6ll br\u00e9f fr\u00e1 sj\u00faklingunum. (Sl\u00edk ritsko\u00f0un t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist langt fram yfir s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimstyrj\u00f6ld og einnig voru br\u00e9f til sj\u00faklinga ger\u00f0 uppt\u00e6k ef \u00feurfa \u00fe\u00f3tti.)<\/font><\/p>\n

Eiginleg l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0in var af tvennum toga: L\u00edkamleg (somatisk) og s\u00e1larleg, \u00fe.e. si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun (\u201emoralsk behandling\u201c).<\/font><\/p>\n

Undir l\u00edkamlega me\u00f0fer\u00f0 f\u00e9llu lyf og fyrirbyggjandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir, s.s. s\u00e9rstakt matar\u00e6\u00f0i og b\u00f6\u00f0.<\/font>
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Lyf<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Lyfin voru annars vegar svefnlyf og hins vegar r\u00f3andi lyf. \u00dea\u00f0 sem var mest nota\u00f0 var kloral\/kloralhydrat<\/a>,\u00a0en einnig br\u00f3ms\u00f6lt<\/a>, op\u00edum og morf\u00edn. Yfirl\u00e6knirinn \u00e1 \u201eSjette afdeling\u201c skrifa\u00f0i 1875: \u201e… vi\u00f0 \u00f6llum byrjunareinkennum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, sem \u00e9g taldi a\u00f0 sv\u00f6ru\u00f0u l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0, [hef \u00e9g] nota\u00f0 sl\u00edk, nefnilega h\u00e6kkandi skammta af \u00f3p\u00edum, morf\u00ednsprautum, bromkalium, Kloralhydrat o.s.fr.\u201c L\u00e6knarnir litu \u00e1 lyfjagj\u00f6f\u00a0sem einungis me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num einkennum (symptomer) og \u00feess vegna voru s\u00f6mu lyf gefin sj\u00faklingum me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edka sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningu svo framarlega sem einkennin voru svipu\u00f0.<\/font>
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Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar ger\u00f0u s\u00e9r vel grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 lyfjagj\u00f6f gat n\u00fdst pr\u00fd\u00f0ilega til a\u00f0 hafa stj\u00f3rn \u00e1 sj\u00faklingunum, h\u00fan v\u00e6ri nokkurs konar \u00fevingun\/helsi eins og spennitreyjur, belti o.\u00fe.h. Yfirl\u00e6knirinn \u00e1 ge\u00f0sp\u00edtalanum \u00ed \u00c1r\u00f3sum, Friedrich Hallager, skrifa\u00f0i \u00ed grein fr\u00e1 1910 a\u00f0 m.a. Sulfonal<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e6ri \u201eekki bara [nota\u00f0] sem svefnlyf heldur einnig til a\u00f0 halda sj\u00faklingunum \u00ed r\u00f3 yfir daginn\u201c og kalla\u00f0i sl\u00edka lyfjagj\u00f6f \u201eefnafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega fj\u00f6tra\u201c, \u00fe.e. \u201eChemical Restraint\u201c. M\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i Pontoppidan nefnt lyfjagj\u00f6f af \u00feessu tagi lyfjafj\u00f6tra, \u201eMedical Restraint\u201c, og teki\u00f0 sk\u00fdra andst\u00f6\u00f0u gegn \u201esvo auglj\u00f3sri \u00f3h\u00e6fu …. \u00fear sem sj\u00faklingurinn er sleginn ni\u00f0ur me\u00f0 st\u00f3rum sk\u00f6mmtum af Narcotica.\u201c Christian Geill taldi a\u00f0 einstrengingsleg \u201eno restraint” stefna v\u00e6ri \u00f3\u00e6skileg og g\u00e6ti haft \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r meiri ska\u00f0a en gagn. Hann haf\u00f0i svipa\u00f0 vi\u00f0horf til hins skoska \u201eopen-door princip\u201c, \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1tti a\u00f0 vera lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3s \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum en \u201eenginn sem hefur einhvern t\u00edma sinnt ge\u00f0sj\u00fakum velkist \u00ed minnsta vafa um a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eru margir ge\u00f0sj\u00fakir sem ekki er bara nau\u00f0synlegt heldur l\u00edka gagnlegt a\u00f0 halda undir l\u00e1s og sl\u00e1\u201c skrifa\u00f0i hann 1895.<\/font>
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B\u00f6\u00f0<\/font><\/b>
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\"B\u00f6\u00f0Til r\u00f3andi r\u00e1\u00f0a tilheyr\u00f0u einnig l\u00f6ng b\u00f6\u00f0. \u00deau g\u00e1tu vara\u00f0 klukkustundum saman e\u00f0a jafnvel d\u00f6gum saman, \u00fear sem sj\u00faklingurinn var settur \u00ed ba\u00f0kar, oft\u00a0huli\u00f0 l\u00e9refti e\u00f0a laki. Auk heitra ba\u00f0a t\u00ed\u00f0ku\u00f0ust strandb\u00f6\u00f0 og regnb\u00f6\u00f0. Geill taldi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1895 a\u00f0 daglegt kalt regnba\u00f0 hef\u00f0i \u201emj\u00f6g fr\u00edskandi \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu fyrir st\u00f3ran hluta sj\u00faklinga sem h\u00e6ttir til a\u00f0 s\u00f6kkva \u00ed slj\u00f3leika, leti og s\u00f3\u00f0askap.\u201c \u00cd fyrrnefndri kennslub\u00f3k fr\u00e1 1920, Vejledning i Sindssygepleje<\/i>, <\/i>er volgum\/heitum b\u00f6\u00f0um hampa\u00f0 og sagt a\u00f0 \u00feau \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 standa \u201emarga t\u00edma \u00e1 dag, stundum jafnvel allan daginn.\u201c Alexander Friedenreich, pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0um, sag\u00f0i \u00ed kennslub\u00f3k fr\u00e1 1921 a\u00f0 \u00e1hrifin \u201eaf hinum lagvarandi b\u00f6\u00f0um [v\u00e6ru] meira r\u00f3andi en r\u00famlegur, en algerlega vi\u00f0varandi og hra\u00f0rar verkunar m\u00e1 ekki krefjast.\u201c August Wimmer, yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Sct. Hans, sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 best v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 vatni\u00f0 v\u00e6ri 28\u00b0 heitt. Hann taldi a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri allt \u00ed lagi a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta sj\u00faklingana liggja \u00ed ba\u00f0inu allan s\u00f3larhringinn.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3r\u00f3legum sj\u00faklingum sem vildu upp \u00far var gefi\u00f0 r\u00f3andi lyf e\u00f0a \u00feeir bundnir ofan \u00ed ba\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 uppr\u00fallu\u00f0um l\u00f6kum, sem voru vafin um mitti \u00feeirra og endarnir bundnir saman undir ba\u00f0kerinu. \u00cd sj\u00f3nvarps\u00fe\u00e6tti um s\u00f6gu norskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga (sem voru a\u00f0 miklu leyti sni\u00f0nar eftir \u00feeim d\u00f6nsku langt fram \u00e1 tuttugustu \u00f6ld), Spekter: Psykiatriens historie<\/a><\/i>, er sagt a\u00f0 algengast hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 hafa b\u00f6\u00f0in 36\u00b0 heit og svolei\u00f0is langb\u00f6\u00f0 hafi geta\u00f0 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 lengi; \u00f6fgafyllsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 er af sj\u00faklingi sem var haf\u00f0ur \u00ed ba\u00f0i \u00ed eitt og h\u00e1lft \u00e1r!<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin er tekin \u00e1 ba\u00f0deildinni \u00e1 Sct. Hans Hospital \u00e1ri\u00f0 1916.<\/font>
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Si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg\/andleg me\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/font><\/b>
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Andlega me\u00f0fer\u00f0in var fyrst og fremst hugsu\u00f0 sem si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg me\u00f0fer\u00f0 (moralsk behandling). H\u00fan \u00e1tti a\u00f0 stilla s\u00e1larl\u00edfi\u00f0 og gera \u00fea\u00f0 skipulag\u00f0ara e\u00f0a sn\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 r\u00e9tt r\u00f3l. \u00deessu var n\u00e1\u00f0 me\u00f0 aga, skynsemi, g\u00f3\u00f0u ford\u00e6mi og a\u00f0 hafa ofan af fyrir sj\u00faklingunum. Undir aga heyr\u00f0u refsia\u00f0ger\u00f0ir sem mi\u00f0u\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beina sj\u00faklingum \u00e1 r\u00e9tta braut, eiginlega ala \u00fe\u00e1 upp.<\/font>
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\u00cd enduruppeldis-me\u00f0fer\u00f0 h\u00e6lanna v\u00f3 i\u00f0jusemi og vinna \u00feungt. Margir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar skrifu\u00f0u um og undirstriku\u00f0u a\u00f0 l\u00edkamleg \u00e1reynsla hef\u00f0i l\u00e6knandi \u00e1hrif, virka\u00f0i til b\u00f3ta b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 s\u00e1l og l\u00edkama sj\u00faklinganna og hef\u00f0i r\u00f3andi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00f3l\u00e6knanlega ge\u00f0sj\u00faka. Sj\u00faklingar unnu vi\u00f0 \u00fdmislegt \u00e1 h\u00e6lunum, jafnt innan h\u00fass sem utan. Sem d\u00e6mi um vi\u00f0horf ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna til vinnu m\u00e1 taka Valdimar Steenberg sem t\u00f3k undir a\u00f0\u00a0\u201e\u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri vissulega \u00fevers\u00f6gn en hitti \u00fe\u00f3 naglann \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00e1 af mestu og bestu ge\u00f0l\u00e6knum \u00de\u00fdskalands hef\u00f0i l\u00e6kna\u00f0 fleiri sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 hj\u00e1lp hj\u00f3lbara en lyfjask\u00e1psins s\u00edns\u201c, \u00ed skrifum 1866.<\/font>
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D\u00e6mi um ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningame\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Sem d\u00e6mi um r\u00e1\u00f0lag\u00f0a lyfjame\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi (melank\u00f3l\u00edu) m\u00e1 nefna eftirfarandi:<\/font><\/p>\n

Knud Pontoppidan: Psychiatriske Forel\u00e6sninger og Studier<\/a><\/i>, \u00fatg. 1892, kafli 2. Melancholia simplex. Momenter af Melancholiens Diagnose og Behandling. Fyrirlesturinn er fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed desember 1891. D\u00e6mi\u00f0 er af \u00feunglyndri konu og Pontoppidan segir a\u00f0 svolei\u00f0is sj\u00fakling eigi fortakslaust a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla me\u00f0 r\u00famlegu \u00fev\u00ed l\u00e1r\u00e9tt stelling hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 p\u00fals og \u00f6ndun og er besta r\u00f3andi r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum. \u00d3p\u00edum hefur eins\u00f6k \u00e1hrif til s\u00e1lr\u00e6nnar verkjastillingar svo best er a\u00f0 gefa \u00fea\u00f0: Byrja \u00ed l\u00e1gmarkskammti, auka hratt \u00ed 10 Ctgr (= 100 milligr\u00f6mm) og gefa s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ferefaldan til fj\u00f3rfaldan skammt \u00e1 dag. Morf\u00edn virkar ekki eins vel en \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1 sprauta sj\u00fakling me\u00f0 morf\u00edni ef hann er \u00e6stur e\u00f0a \u00ed kv\u00ed\u00f0akasti \u00fev\u00ed verkunin kemur strax fram.<\/font><\/p>\n

Til a\u00f0 laga svefninn er best a\u00f0 gefa l\u00edtinn skammt af Chloral \u00e1 kv\u00f6ldin. Sulphonal<\/a> virkar verr \u00e1 \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklinga en a\u00f0ra ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga, segir Pontoppidan, svo betra er a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa\u00a0Amylenhydrat, auk \u00feess sem l\u00f6ng vel heit b\u00f6\u00f0 um h\u00e1ttam\u00e1l gefa g\u00f3\u00f0a raun.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00cd me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun vi\u00f0 man\u00edu (s. 57-58 \u00ed sama riti) segir Pontoppidan a\u00f0 \u00f3p\u00edum virki illa og miklu betra s\u00e9 a\u00f0 nota kl\u00f3ral. Sulphonal virkar vel s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 gefi\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e9ttum sk\u00f6mmum; 1 gramm er h\u00e1marksskammtur \u00e1 kv\u00f6ldin og svo er best a\u00f0 gefa 50 centigr\u00f6mm (500 milligr\u00f6mm)\u00a0einu sinni til tvisvar\u00a0\u00e1 dag. Hyocinet<\/a> [scopolamine] er a\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati h\u00e6ttulegra, segir Pontoppidan. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur \u00f3st\u00f6\u00f0uga verkan og hefur valdi\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gilegum eitrunar\u00e1hrifum, jafnvel \u00ed g\u00e6tilegum sk\u00f6mmum. \u00deetta lyf minnir mig \u00e1 me\u00f0al \u00ed gamla daga, segir hann, sem var \u00ed h\u00e6sta m\u00e1ta \u00f3a\u00f0la\u00f0andi l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0, nefninlega Tartras stibico-kalicu<\/a> (upps\u00f6lume\u00f0al) sem \u00ed h\u00e1um sk\u00f6mmtum h\u00e9lt sj\u00faklingnum \u00ed vi\u00f0varandi \u00f6rm\u00f6gnun. A\u00f0 mati Pontoppidan var svonalaga\u00f0 \u00f3\u00e6skilegir lyfjafj\u00f6trar, \u00fe.e. \u201emedical restraint\u201c. Hyocinet notum vi\u00f0 varla lengur nema til a\u00f0 sn\u00f6ggr\u00f3a mj\u00f6g erfi\u00f0a sj\u00faklinga \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 deildinni h\u00f6fum s\u00e9\u00f0 sj\u00faklinga halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 veltast um me\u00f0 lafandi tungu og slj\u00f3tt augnar\u00e1\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 lyfi\u00f0 hefur skilist \u00far l\u00edkamanum, segir hann \u00ed fyrirlestrinum.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Alexander Friedenreich r\u00e1\u00f0leggur mj\u00f6g svipa\u00f0a lyfjagj\u00f6f vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi \u00ed Kortfattet, speciel Psykiatri<\/a><\/i> (\u00fatg. 1901, s. 33-36).<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Hann tekur fyrst fram a\u00f0 \u00f3p\u00edum virki miklu verr \u00e1 \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklinga en a\u00f0ra ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga. Raunar virki r\u00f3andi efni almennt mun verr \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00faka en a\u00f0ra: \u201e … ma\u00f0ur getur gefi\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakum, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e6stum, risaskammt af svefnlyfjum \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir sofni, t.d. hafa \u00f3\u00f0um m\u00f6nnum (delerister) veri\u00f0 gefin fleiri gr\u00f6mm af \u00f3p\u00edum \u00e1 dag til a\u00f0 \u00feeir sofni en \u00fea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 eins og a\u00f0 skvetta vatni \u00e1 g\u00e6s\u201c.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deunglyndum m\u00e1 gefa 20-30-40 ctgr (200-400 milligr\u00f6mm) af \u00f3p\u00edum tvisvar \u00e1 dag \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 veruleg \u00e1hrif sj\u00e1ist og \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn ver\u00f0i h\u00e1\u00f0ur efninu. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 sn\u00f6ggh\u00e6tta a\u00f0 gefa lyfi\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 fr\u00e1hvarfseinkenna ver\u00f0i vart \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3p\u00edum virkar ekki eins \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00faka og venjulegt f\u00f3lk. Sj\u00e1lfur segist Friedenreich ekki beita \u00f3p\u00edum miki\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed aukaverkanir geti veri\u00f0 \u00f3heppilegar vi\u00f0 langvarandi notkun lyfsins \u00ed st\u00f3rum sk\u00f6mmtum, t.d. h\u00e6g\u00f0artreg\u00f0a, ni\u00f0urgangur, a\u00f0 matarlyst hverfi og \u00fea\u00f0 valdi jafnvel ofskynjunum.<\/font><\/p>\n

Hann minnist \u00e1 n\u00fdja breska l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem er a\u00f0 gefa Tyroidin (skjaldkirtilshorm\u00f3n) en \u00e1l\u00edtur hana \u00f3heppilega \u00fev\u00ed sj\u00faklingurinn megrist mj\u00f6g af \u00feessu l\u00e6knisr\u00e1\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 svefnleysi m\u00e1 au\u00f0vita\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa b\u00f6\u00f0, heit b\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed ba\u00f0keri, a\u00f0 pakka sj\u00faklingunum inn \u00ed vot stykki e\u00f0a sturtur, og svo nudd, leikfimi og hreyfingu en \u00feau virka illa. Mun betra er a\u00f0 nota lyf.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 svefnlyf sem virkar best er Kloral, 1 1\/2-2-3 gr\u00f6mm en \u00fea\u00f0 getur veri\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegt ef sj\u00faklingur er hjartveikur (\u00fe\u00f3tt Friedenreich segist hafi aldrei or\u00f0i\u00f0 vitni a\u00f0 sl\u00edku sj\u00e1lfur). S\u00ed\u00f0an kemur Sulfonal (1 1\/2 – 2 gr\u00f6mm) en \u00fea\u00f0 virkar h\u00e6gt, stundum ekki fyrr en daginn eftir, aukaverkanir eru \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gilegur svimi og slj\u00f3leiki lengi \u00e1 eftir. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur og s\u00fdnt sig a\u00f0 vera h\u00e6ttulegt \u00ed langvarandi notkun, einkum konum. H\u00e6ttuminna er Trional<\/a> sem m\u00e1 gefa \u00ed s\u00f6mu sk\u00f6mmtum. B\u00e6\u00f0i Trional og Sulfonal hafa \u00feann kost a\u00f0 vera brag\u00f0l\u00edtil og m\u00e1 \u00feess vegna lauma \u00feeim \u00ed sj\u00faklinginn blanda\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed drykk. Amylenhydrat<\/a> virkar stundum vel (\u00ed 3 gramma sk\u00f6mmtum) en er hvorki sterkt n\u00e9 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegt svefnlyf. Paraldehyd <\/a>virkar betur en sj\u00faklingurinn finnur \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gilega lykt og \u00fea\u00f0 er enn verr a\u00f0 taka \u00fea\u00f0 inn en Kloral og Amylen.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3p\u00edum og morf\u00edn er eiginlega ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota sem svefnlyf vegna l\u00e9legrar verkunar en \u00feau gefast vel til a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 \u00e1 sl\u00e6man kv\u00ed\u00f0a. S\u00f6mulei\u00f0is m\u00e1 nota l\u00f6ng heit b\u00f6\u00f0 til a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 \u00e1 kv\u00ed\u00f0a og \u00f3r\u00f3. B\u00f6\u00f0in standa \u00ed 1-2 klukkustundir en sumir l\u00e6knar hafa sj\u00faklingana \u00ed svolei\u00f0is ba\u00f0i allan daginn, jafnvel dag eftir dag, segir Friedenreich (og er e.t.v. a\u00f0 \u00fdja a\u00f0 fylgism\u00f6nnum Kraepelin hins \u00fe\u00fdska).<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum nefnir Friedenreich, auk ba\u00f0a og svitak\u00fara, s\u00f6mu lyf og bromalium<\/a> (\u00ed 4- 8 gramma skammtum), sem megi \u00fe\u00f3 ekki gefa langvarandi \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 geti valdi\u00f0 eitrun.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

A\u00f0rar lyfl\u00e6kningatilraunir danskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Danski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir ger\u00f0u tilraunir me\u00f0 a\u00f0rar l\u00e6kningara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir en upp hafa veri\u00f0 taldar eftir aldam\u00f3tin 1900 en \u00fe\u00e6r ur\u00f0u ekki almennar nema malar\u00edume\u00f0fer\u00f0in, fr\u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar og frameftir \u00f6ldinni. M\u00e1 nefna tilraunir F. Hallager, yfirl\u00e6knis \u00e1 ge\u00f0sp\u00edtalnum \u00ed \u00c1r\u00f3sum (og kennara \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar Sveinssonar) sem birti ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar 1915 \u00ed Ugeskrift for l\u00e6ger<\/i> um tilrauname\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00fdfils-ge\u00f0veikum (sj\u00faklingum me\u00f0 dementia paralytica). \u00de\u00e6r f\u00f3lust \u00ed a\u00f0 sprauta sj\u00faklingana me\u00f0 \u201ev\u00f6kva Coleys\u201c, \u00fe.e.a.s. me\u00f0 strept\u00f3kokkum o.fl. bakter\u00edum. Sj\u00faklingarnir fengu hita og Hallager sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 eftir hitame\u00f0fer\u00f0ina hef\u00f0u \u00feeir veri\u00f0 n\u00f3gu fr\u00edskir til a\u00f0 sn\u00faa til daglegs l\u00edfs.\u00a0 \u00c1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1rtugnum n\u00e1\u00f0i svo malar\u00edume\u00f0fer\u00f0in, kennd vi\u00f0 austurr\u00edska ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn Wagner-Jauregg, talsver\u00f0um vins\u00e6ldum \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku en h\u00fan f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 smita sj\u00faklinga af malar\u00edu \u00ed \u00feeirri tr\u00fa a\u00f0 h\u00e1r hiti l\u00e6kna\u00f0i ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3minn. \u00de\u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 pr\u00f3fu\u00f0u danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar fyrst hausti\u00f0 1921. Danski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Kund Schroeder fann upp eigin a\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hitah\u00e6kkun ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra, nefnilega sulfosin-me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina. H\u00fan f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sprauta brennisteinsol\u00edu \u00ed v\u00f6\u00f0va svo sj\u00faklingar fengu h\u00e1an hita. Schroeder taldi \u00feetta g\u00f3\u00f0a l\u00e6kningu vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa, kr\u00f3n\u00edskri heilab\u00f3lgu o.fl., birti ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar fyrst 1927 og hlaut heimsfr\u00e6g\u00f0 fyrir viki\u00f0. Annar danskur l\u00e6knir, Paul Reiter, birti sama \u00e1r grein um s\u00edna me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger<\/i>, nefnilega a\u00f0 sprauta \u00fdmsum m\u00e1lms\u00f6ltum \u00ed ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga, einkum mangan. Hann hlaut ekki heimsfr\u00e6g\u00f0 en a\u00f0fer\u00f0 hans var pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fdmsum d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum.<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Heimildir<\/b>, auk efnis sem kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed \u00far texta:<\/font><\/p>\n

Psykiatriens Historie i Danmark. <\/i>Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. 2008, ritstj\u00f3ri Jesper Vaczy Kragh.<\/font>
\nKragh, Jesper Vaczy. Det hvide snit. Psykokirurgi og dansk psykiatri 1922-1983<\/i>. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2010.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00deetta er framhald af fyrri f\u00e6rslu, Danskar ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar 1850-1920, og h\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur sj\u00f3num beint a\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0um sem danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar beittu \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu (og voru fyrirmynd \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00cdslandi fr\u00e1 stofnun Klepps \u00e1ri\u00f0 1907). Sem …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-503","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=503"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":582,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/503\/revisions\/582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=503"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=503"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=503"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}