{"id":505,"date":"2013-05-08T22:12:08","date_gmt":"2013-05-08T22:12:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-08\/upphaf-gedlaekninga-a-islandi\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:45:50","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:45:50","slug":"upphaf-gedlaekninga-a-islandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/08\/upphaf-gedlaekninga-a-islandi\/","title":{"rendered":"Upphaf ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga \u00e1 \u00cdslandi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Forsagan<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Talsvert hefur veri\u00f0 gert \u00far illum a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0i ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra h\u00e9rlendis \u00e1\u00f0ur en Kleppur var stofna\u00f0ur og \u00fe\u00e1 jafnan bent \u00e1 tv\u00e6r heimildir, annars vegar heilbrig\u00f0issk\u00fdrslu \u00deorgr\u00edms Johnsen h\u00e9ra\u00f0sl\u00e6knis, sem hann skrifa\u00f0i 1872 og sendi heilbrig\u00f0isyfirv\u00f6ldum \u00ed Danmerku, hins vegar skrif Christians Schierbeck<\/a> fr\u00e1 1901, dansks l\u00e6knis sem haf\u00f0i \u00e1huga \u00e1 a\u00f0 koma ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li \u00e1 f\u00f3t \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. B\u00e1\u00f0ir nefna \u00feeir a\u00f0 \u201eslegi\u00f0 s\u00e9 utan um” brj\u00e1la\u00f0a sj\u00faklinga og \u00feeir geymdir \u00ed einhvers konar b\u00farum e\u00f0a fj\u00f6tra\u00f0ir, jafnvel \u00ed \u00fatih\u00fasum. M\u00e9r vitanlega eru ekki a\u00f0rar heimildir um \u00feessa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og engin sl\u00edk b\u00far hafa fundist h\u00e9rlendis. \u00dear fyrir utan getur \u00feetta vel veri\u00f0 satt og r\u00e9tt. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslenska b\u00e6ndasamf\u00e9laginu (samf\u00e9lagsger\u00f0 sem var r\u00edkjandi langt fram eftir tuttugustu \u00f6ld) \u00feekkjast m\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 illa me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 sem ekki g\u00e1tu unni\u00f0, \u00feurfti ekki ge\u00f0veiki til. \u00cd ney\u00f0 hefur sj\u00e1lfsagt \u00feurft a\u00f0 fj\u00f6tra \u00f3\u00f0a menn me\u00f0 einhverjum h\u00e6tti og \u00fearf ekki a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 af illsku.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld var einn \u00cdslendingur s\u00e9rmennta\u00f0ur \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0um (\u00feess t\u00edma), nefnilega J\u00f3n Hjaltal\u00edn<\/a> (1807-1882). Hann starfa\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 ekkert a\u00f0 sl\u00edkum l\u00e6kningum h\u00e9rlendis svo vita\u00f0 s\u00e9. Eitthva\u00f0 var um a\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakir v\u00e6ru sendir utan, a.m.k. \u00feeir sem g\u00e1tu greitt fyrir sig. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna Gunnlaug Bl\u00f6ndal, fyrrum s\u00fdslumann \u00ed Bar\u00f0astrandars\u00fdslu, sem d\u00f3 \u00e1 ge\u00f0veikrasp\u00edtala \u00ed Vordingborg \u00e1ri\u00f0 1884<\/a> (\u00cdsland var \u00e1 uppt\u00f6kusv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feess sp\u00edtala). Ein r\u00f6k Schierbeck fyrir a\u00f0 reisa ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li \u00e1 \u00cdslandi voru einmitt hve d\u00fdrt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir uppihald ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum h\u00e6lum (kostna\u00f0urinn var mismunandi \u00fev\u00ed d\u00f6nsku ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6lin voru st\u00e9ttskipt, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0ur var misjafn eftir \u00fev\u00ed hve miki\u00f0 var greitt fyrir sj\u00faklinginn).<\/font><\/p>\n

Um fj\u00f6lda ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra \u00e1 landinu fyrir og eftir stofnun Klepps segir \u00ed endurs\u00f6gn <\/a>\u00e1 Sk\u00fdrslum<\/i> [Gu\u00f0mundar Bj\u00f6rnssonar landl\u00e6knis] um heilsufar og heilbrig\u00f0ism\u00e1lefni \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1907 og 1908<\/i>:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ge\u00f0veiki vir\u00f0ist fara vaxandi. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1887 voru 81, en 1901 133 ge\u00f0veikir menn \u00e1 landinu. Sk\u00fdrslur eru ekki til fr\u00e1 seinni \u00e1rum \u00c1 Kleppi voru r\u00famlega 60 sj\u00faklingar vi\u00f0 hvor \u00e1rslok, 1907 og 1908. H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi er ge\u00f0veiki miklu algengari \u00ed konum en k\u00f6rlum 97:36 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1901. I \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00f6ndum er h\u00fan \u00e1l\u00edka algeng \u00ed k\u00f6rlum og konum. Ekki getur landl\u00e6knir um af hverju \u00fea\u00f0 muni stafa, en \u00e6tli \u00fea\u00f0 eigi ekki t\u00f6luvert r\u00f3t s\u00edna a\u00f0 rekja til \u00feess, a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3mar, sem orsakast af st\u00f6\u00f0ugri \u00e1fengisnautn, eru h\u00e9r sjaldg\u00e6fir, \u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur l\u00f6nd, og vi\u00f0 \u00feeim sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum er karlm\u00f6nnum m\u00edklu h\u00e6ttara en konum?<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brenniv\u00edns\u00e6\u00f0i fengu 21 ma\u00f0ur 1907 en 18 1908.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00a0Kleppur og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1905 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 reisa s\u00e9rstakan ge\u00f0veikrasp\u00edtala, Klepp, og var hann opna\u00f0ur vori\u00f0 1907. \u00c1 fyrstu \u00feremur \u00e1runum sem sp\u00edtalinn starfa\u00f0i voru lag\u00f0ir inn 118 sj\u00faklingar en eftir \u00fea\u00f0 einungis f\u00e1ir \u00e1 \u00e1ri \u00fev\u00ed sp\u00edtalinn var meira og minna fullur af langveiku f\u00f3lki. Samkv\u00e6mt bla\u00f0afregnum fr\u00e1 1910 hefur veri\u00f0 pl\u00e1ss fyrir r\u00famlega 60 sj\u00faklinga \u00e1 Kleppi.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deegar hyllti undir a\u00f0 Kleppur t\u00e6ki til starfa var \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson sendur utan til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur var b\u00f3ndasonur \u00far H\u00fanavatnss\u00fdslu, f\u00e6ddur 1874. Hann var illa haldinn af berklum sem barn og heldur pastursl\u00edtill, \u00f3lst upp vi\u00f0 kr\u00f6pp kj\u00f6r og var talsvert eldri en sk\u00f3labr\u00e6\u00f0ur hans \u00feegar hann \u00fatskrifa\u00f0ist \u00far l\u00e6knadeild h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans vori\u00f0 1905. Kann a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 \u00e1hrifamiklir sveitungar hans, Gu\u00f0mundur Bj\u00f6rnsson landl\u00e6knir og Gu\u00f0mundur Magn\u00fasson pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, hafi s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00ed honum mann sem ekki var l\u00edklegur til a\u00f0 h\u00f6ndla erfitt emb\u00e6tti h\u00e9ra\u00f0sl\u00e6knis en g\u00e6ti or\u00f0i\u00f0 framb\u00e6rilegur yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 hef\u00f0bundnu ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li uppi \u00ed sveit, a.m.k. handv\u00f6ldu \u00feeir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 sem fyrsta yfirl\u00e6kni \u00e1 Kleppi og beittu s\u00e9r fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann k\u00e6mist til Danmerkur (og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00de\u00fdskalands) til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar \u00ed r\u00famt \u00e1r. \u00cd Danm\u00f6rku l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur hj\u00e1 Alexander Friedenreich,\u00a0 s\u00f3tti l\u00edklega fyrirlestra Knuds Pontoppidan og setti sig inn \u00ed strauma og stefnur \u00ed d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum \u00feessa t\u00edma (sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar um \u00feetta f\u00e6rsluna Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku 1850-1920<\/a>). Svo f\u00f3r hann til \u00de\u00fdskalands og naut \u00fear handlei\u00f0slu Emils Kraepelin. \u00c6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur hafi veri\u00f0 vel l\u00e6s \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og \u00fe\u00fdsku og hafi \u00fev\u00ed einkum byggt kunn\u00e1ttu s\u00edna \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1 ritum \u00feessara d\u00f6nsku og \u00fe\u00fdsku ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna, einkum Kortfattet, speciel Psykiatri<\/a><\/i> eftir Friedenreich, (\u00fatg. 1901) og Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Studirende und Aerzte<\/a><\/i> eftir Kraepelin (fyrsta bindi \u00fatg. 1899, sj\u00e1 fleiri b\u00e6kur Kraepelin h\u00e9r<\/a>.) S\u00f6mulei\u00f0is m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 hann hafi fylgst me\u00f0 skrifum danskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00ed fagritinu Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger<\/em> og e.t.v. lesi\u00f0 b\u00e6kur um ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku og \u00fe\u00fdsku \u00e1 starfs\u00e6vi sinni.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson segir \u00ed b\u00f3k sinni Kleppur \u00ed 100 \u00e1r<\/i> a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fdsk \u00e1hrif hafi sett mark sitt \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar. En danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar voru undir miklum \u00e1hrifum af fr\u00e6\u00f0um Kraepelin og fleiri \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0verja svo \u00fea\u00f0 er l\u00edklega erfitt a\u00f0 greina hva\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur t\u00edndi upp \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og hva\u00f0 \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

L\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar Sveinssonar<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Fyrst eftir a\u00f0 Kleppur t\u00f3k til starfa f\u00f3r f\u00e1um s\u00f6gum af starfsemi \u00fear, ef fr\u00e1 eru taldar fr\u00e9ttir af tveimur sj\u00e1lfsv\u00edgum (og me\u00f0fylgjandi gagnr\u00fdni um a\u00f0 f\u00f3lks v\u00e6ri ekki n\u00e6gilega vel g\u00e6tt \u00e1 sp\u00edtalanum) og gr\u00f3us\u00f6gur um a\u00f0 yfirhj\u00fakrunarkonan v\u00e6ri vond vi\u00f0 sj\u00faklingana og mis\u00feyrmdi \u00feeim (sj\u00e1 yfirl\u00fdsingu \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar og annars starfsf\u00f3lks gegn \u00feessum or\u00f0r\u00f3mi<\/a>, 1910).<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson segir \u00ed Kleppi \u00ed 100 \u00e1r<\/i> a\u00f0 flestir sj\u00faklinganna sem lag\u00f0ir voru inn 1907 og 1908 hafi greindir me\u00f0 anna\u00f0 hvort ge\u00f0klofa e\u00f0a ge\u00f0hvarfas\u00fdki en a\u00f0rar greiningar hafi veri\u00f0 kv\u00ed\u00f0agreiningar, flogaveiki, m\u00f3\u00f0urs\u00fdki og alk\u00f3h\u00f3lismi. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson segist aldrei hafa haft sj\u00fakling me\u00f0 dementia paralytica (ge\u00f0veiki af v\u00f6ldum s\u00fdfilis – stundum eru sl\u00edkir sj\u00faklingar taldir hafa veri\u00f0 um 10% ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6lum \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld og fram undir lok s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimstyrjaldar, \u00feegar pensill\u00edn komst \u00ed notkun og l\u00e6kna\u00f0i s\u00fdfilis). Margir sj\u00faklinganna h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 veikir \u00e1rum saman og von um bata var l\u00edtil. \u00cd b\u00f3k \u00d3ttars kemur margoft fram a\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur hafi haft litla tr\u00fa \u00e1 lyfl\u00e6kningum og nota\u00f0 lyf l\u00edti\u00f0. \u00d3ttar v\u00edsar ekki neinar heimildir fyrir \u00feessu en hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 einhverjum lyfjakaupalistum \u00fev\u00ed sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1r voru \u00ed miklum \u00f3lestri \u00e1 t\u00edmum \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar og finnast ekki nema slitur af sl\u00edkum n\u00fa. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00fattalar sig um lyfjagj\u00f6f \u00ed fyrirlestri sem hann flutti \u00ed L\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagi Reykjav\u00edkur 11. desember 1922 (en vakin er athygli \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fearna er hann a\u00f0 l\u00edta yfir fimmt\u00e1n \u00e1ra farinn veg og kann a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 \u00feessar hafi ekki veri\u00f0 sko\u00f0anir hans \u00ed upphafi):<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur er teki\u00f0 fram, \u00fe\u00e1 er \u00fea\u00f0 viljinn, er veiklast e\u00f0a lamast \u00ed ge\u00f0veikinni. Og \u00fea\u00f0 er sama hvort h\u00fan er hrein ge\u00f0veiki e\u00f0a m\u00f3\u00f0urs\u00fdki. \u00dear af lei\u00f0ir, a\u00f0 \u00f6ll deyfandi me\u00f0\u00f6l eru eitur \u00f6llum ge\u00f0veikum sj\u00faklingum. \u00deau ver\u00f0a beinl\u00ednis til \u00feess, a\u00f0 \u00fdta undir hinar sj\u00faku \u00edmyndanir sj\u00faklingsins. Narcotica lama viljann, og er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 allra vitor\u00f0i. Hugurinn beinist a\u00f0 veikinni, sem hann \u00fearf s\u00edfelt a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0a vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 hinum og \u00feessum sv\u00e6fandi me\u00f0ulum. Viljamagni\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 \u00feoka fyrir me\u00f0alatr\u00fanni. \u00deess vegna nota \u00e9g aldrei deyfandi me\u00f0ul vi\u00f0 sl\u00edka sj\u00faklinga.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Um sumt bygg\u00f0i \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 vi\u00f0urkenndri ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed upphafi tuttugustu aldar, t.d. \u201evinnul\u00e6kningu\u201c, \u00fe.e.a.s. sj\u00faklingar unnu vi\u00f0 st\u00f3rb\u00fai\u00f0 \u00e1 Kleppi, eigin fatager\u00f0 o.\u00fe.h.\u00a0 Hann var samm\u00e1la d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0l\u00e6knum um a\u00f0 \u201eno restraint\u201c me\u00f0fer\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00f3framkv\u00e6manleg og l\u00e9t loka \u00f3\u00f0a sj\u00faklinga \u00ed einangrunarklefum uns br\u00e1\u00f0i af \u00feeim. \u00deessir klefar, sellurnar, voru innr\u00e9tta\u00f0ir \u00feannig a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn g\u00e6ti ekki ska\u00f0a\u00f0 sig, t.d. var ekki r\u00famst\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00feeim heldur einungis fleti, gluggar upp undir loft og v\u00edrnet fyrir \u00feeim.\u00a0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur var alveg samm\u00e1la kenningum l\u00e6rife\u00f0ra sinna danskra og \u00fe\u00fdskra um arfgengi ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma og \u00fe\u00e1 einkum arfgenga \u00farkynjun ef marka m\u00e1 bla\u00f0agreinar hans Ge\u00f0veiki – \u00e1fengi – \u00farkynjun<\/a> (j\u00fan\u00ed 1907) og F\u00e1bj\u00e1nar – \u00e1fengi<\/a> (j\u00fal\u00ed 1907). Honum hugna\u00f0ist og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 me\u00f0 b\u00f6\u00f0um svo sem t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00feegar hann l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00fear, en \u00f3l\u00edkt d\u00f6nskum kollegum s\u00ednum h\u00e9lt hann sig eindregi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0fer\u00f0 allt til starfsloka 1939.<\/font><\/p>\n

Ef marka m\u00e1 kersknislega sm\u00e1\u201efr\u00e9tt\u201c fr\u00e1 1909<\/a> hefur \u00e1hersla \u00e1 ba\u00f0me\u00f0fer\u00f0, jafnt heit sem k\u00f6ld b\u00f6\u00f0, veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 upphafi enda \u00ed fullu samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 vi\u00f0teknar l\u00e6kninga\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og \u00de\u00fdskalandi. \u00cd \u201efr\u00e9ttinni\u201c er \u00feetta reyndar talin refsing en ekki l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed tala\u00f0 er um \u201ehegningar-ba\u00f0 (l\u00edklega l\u00edkt og er \u00e1 Kleppi, \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 er haft til refsingar \u00e1 \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6ga vitfirringa a\u00f0 kasta \u00feeim allsn\u00f6ktum \u00ed kalt ba\u00f0 og halda \u00feeim nau\u00f0ugum ni\u00f0ri \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed unz \u00feeir sefast)\u201c. \u00cd riti s\u00ednu Vatnsl\u00e6kningar<\/i>, \u00fatg. 1923, segir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur um \u00feetta (\u00e1 s. 18-19):<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Jeg hef kaff\u00e6rt menn, \u00fea\u00f0 er alveg satt. Jeg hef gert \u00fea\u00f0 st\u00f6ku sinnum, \u00feegar jeg hefi tali\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 alveg sj\u00e1lfsagt a\u00f0 reyna, hvort ekki v\u00e6ri unt a\u00f0 gera gagn me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, enda er reynsla fyrir \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 ge\u00f0veikir menn hafi l\u00e6knast af skyndilegum \u00e1hrifum. Einst\u00f6ku sinnum hefir \u00fea\u00f0 gert miki\u00f0 gagn a\u00f0 breg\u00f0a sj\u00faklingi ofan \u00ed ba\u00f0ker me\u00f0 k\u00f6ldu vatni. Eina konu hefi jeg gert alheilbrig\u00f0a me\u00f0 einni d\u00fdfu; h\u00fan haf\u00f0i legi\u00f0 r\u00famf\u00f6st \u00ed tv\u00f6 \u00e1r. \u00derem vikum eftir kaff\u00e6ringuna var h\u00fan or\u00f0in \u00fevottakona \u00e1 Kleppi og hefir veri\u00f0 alfr\u00edsk s\u00ed\u00f0an.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Svo vir\u00f0ist sem \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur hafi snemma \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 \u201ekl\u00edn\u00edskri reynslu\u201c \u00ed me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlun ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra fremur en \u00fev\u00ed sem vi\u00f0teki\u00f0 var \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0unum sem hann nam. Me\u00f0 tilraunum og af reynslu sinni \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur vatnsl\u00e6kningarnar fr\u00e1 b\u00f6\u00f0um til innvortis vatnsl\u00e6kninga. Hann segir (\u00ed ritinu Vatnsl\u00e6kningar<\/i>, s. 3-5):<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Af tilviljun rakst jeg, fyrir r\u00famum 12 \u00e1rum, \u00e1 l\u00e6kningu vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki, sem jeg rak strax augun \u00ed, a\u00f0 bar flj\u00f3tari \u00e1rangur heldur en \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir, sem jeg \u00e1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i \u00e1tt a\u00f0 venjast vi\u00f0 sumar tegundir ge\u00f0veiki. \u00dea\u00f0 vildi svo til hausti\u00f0 1910: Jeg haf\u00f0i \u00e1 Kleppi ge\u00f0veika konu, sem \u00fe\u00e1 var b\u00fain a\u00f0 vera \u00fear \u00ed n\u00e6rri 3 \u00e1r. Ge\u00f0veiki hennar l\u00fdsti sjer \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 h\u00fan fjekk k\u00f6st, sem st\u00f3\u00f0u yfir fr\u00e1 6 vikum upp \u00ed h\u00e1lft \u00e1r, og var h\u00fan me\u00f0 k\u00f6flum alveg \u00e6\u00f0isgengin. [- – -] En \u00fea\u00f0 var einkennilegt vi\u00f0 \u00feennan sj\u00fakling, a\u00f0 hann var altaf hora\u00f0ur, \u00feegar k\u00f6stin endur\u00f0u, hvernig sem me\u00f0 hann var fari\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 datt mjer \u00ed hug a\u00f0 reyna, hvort ekki v\u00e6ri h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 stytta k\u00f6stin me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 svelta sj\u00faklinginn, \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann var\u00f0 altaf hora\u00f0ur \u00e1\u00f0ur en honum batna\u00f0i, og a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta hann einungis hafa vatnskost. [- – -] Sj\u00faklingnum var svo sagt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 n\u00fa fengi hann ekkert anna\u00f0 en heitt vatn, engan mat, til \u00feess a\u00f0 vita, hvort kasti\u00f0 yr\u00f0i ekki styttra. Svo var \u00feetta gert […] og kasti\u00f0 byrja\u00f0i. en \u00fea\u00f0 komst aldrei \u00e1 verulega h\u00e1tt stig, var\u00f0 verst \u00e1 7.-8. degi. \u00c1 10. degi var hann or\u00f0inn svo r\u00f3legur og skynsamur, a\u00f0 jeg \u00e1leit, a\u00f0 ekki \u00feyrfti lengur a\u00f0 svelta hann. \u00dea\u00f0 kasti\u00f0 var b\u00fai\u00f0.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00cd sama riti segist \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur einungis nota vatnskost vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki \u00e1 byrjunarstigi enda s\u00e9 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlega au\u00f0veldast a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna ge\u00f0veiki \u00ed byrjun. \u201eVi\u00f0 menn, sem lengi eru b\u00fanir a\u00f0 vera ge\u00f0veikir, reyni \u00e9g yfirleitt ekki vatnskostinn, nema \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 draga \u00far \u00e6\u00f0isk\u00f6stum\u201c, segir hann (s. 7). Vatni\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera \u201e\u00e1l\u00edka heitt og kaffi, sem menn drekka heitast\u201c (s. 17) og skv. l\u00fdsingu \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar \u00e1 a\u00f0 drekka 2-3 l\u00edtra \u00e1 dag, \u00fe\u00f3tt hann viti d\u00e6mi af manni sem drakk 19 l\u00edtra af heitu vatni \u00e1 12 klukkustundum (s. 37).<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur sag\u00f0i fr\u00e1 tilraunum s\u00ednum um vatnsdrykkju vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki \u00ed fyrirlestri \u00ed L\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagi Reykjav\u00edkur \u00feann 11. desember 1922. \u00dear byrjar hann m\u00e1l sitt \u00e1 a\u00f0 sta\u00f0h\u00e6fa a\u00f0 ge\u00f0veikir menn f\u00e1i miklu s\u00ed\u00f0ur umgangspestir en a\u00f0rir. Veikist \u00feeir af \u00f6\u00f0rum sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi en ge\u00f0veiki \u00fej\u00e1ist \u00feeir \u201ea\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i mj\u00f6g l\u00edti\u00f0.\u201c Einnig beri oft vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vitskertir sj\u00faklingar f\u00e1i r\u00e1\u00f0 sitt og r\u00e6nu r\u00e9tt fyrir andl\u00e1ti\u00f0. \u00deetta telur \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur stafa af starfsemi undirvitundarinnar \u201eer ver\u00f0ur me\u00f0 einhverjum h\u00e6tti \u00feess valdandi, a\u00f0 \u00feetta hvorttveggja, n\u00e6mleiki fyrir fars\u00f3ttum og dau\u00f0inn e\u00f0a andl\u00e1ti\u00f0, ver\u00f0ur \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi me\u00f0 ge\u00f0veikum m\u00f6nnum en hinum, sem ekki eru ge\u00f0veikir.\u201c \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0i datt \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed hug \u201ea\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 undirvitundina me\u00f0 f\u00f6stu og hreinum vatnskosti\u201c og f\u00f3r a\u00f0 gera tilraunir me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a tilraunanna er \u00feessi:<\/font>
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Reynsla m\u00edn er s\u00fa, a\u00f0 hreinn vatnskostur s\u00e9 s\u00fa l\u00e6kningara\u00f0fer\u00f0, er vir\u00f0ist flj\u00f3tast l\u00e6kna \u00fdmis konar psychosur og ge\u00f0veiki. Batinn kemur \u00e1 mj\u00f6g svipu\u00f0um t\u00edma, hvernig sem ge\u00f0veikinni er h\u00e1tta\u00f0 og t\u00edminn er t\u00edu, fj\u00f3rt\u00e1n og upp a\u00f0 tuttugu d\u00f6gum. Ge\u00f0veikin hefir veri\u00f0 af \u00feessum venjulegu flokkum; exaltationes, phobiur, depressivar og paranoiskar hystero-neurasthen\u00edur. [- – -] Vatnskosturinn kemur \u00ed sta\u00f0 sedat\u00edva, sem annars eru notu\u00f0.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00fatsk\u00fdrir hvernig sum tegund ge\u00f0veiki (\u201edepression e\u00f0a hr\u00e6\u00f0slu-ge\u00f0bilun\u201c) l\u00fdsir s\u00e9r \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn er fastur \u00ed \u00f3\u00e6skilegu hugsanamynstri og \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir viljastyrk sj\u00faklings og fort\u00f6lur annarra geti sl\u00edkur sj\u00faklingur \u201eekki um anna\u00f0 hugsa\u00f0 en s\u00ednar eigin \u00edmyndanir. Og allar eru \u00fe\u00e6r honum til meiri og minni kvalar.\u201c En s\u00e9 svolei\u00f0is sj\u00faklingur sveltur, \u00fe.e. l\u00e1tinn lifa \u00e1 vatni einu saman, beinist hugurinn a\u00f0 f\u00f6stunni og hverfur fr\u00e1 meinlokunum. \u201eViljinn vaknar og taumarnir dragast \u00far h\u00f6ndum \u00edmyndunarl\u00edfsins\u201c eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem hungurtilfinningin eykst. Sj\u00faklingurinn fer a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina sem \u201emikla hj\u00e1lp og heilsub\u00f3tarme\u00f0al og \u00fe\u00e1 er autosuggestionin komin \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 horf, sem h\u00fan \u00e1 a\u00f0 komast. Hann telur s\u00e9r tr\u00fa um, a\u00f0 honum batni, er hann kemst \u00e1 vatnskost, eins og l\u00edka er.\u201c \u00cd lok fyrirlestrarins nefnir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur a\u00f0 s\u00f3larlj\u00f3s hafi, skv. sinni reynslu, mj\u00f6g g\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 ge\u00f0veika menn. L\u00e6gju menn naktir \u00ed s\u00f3lba\u00f0i eins og berklasj\u00faklingar hef\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 eflaust g\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1hrif en \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur er ge\u00f0sj\u00faklingum mj\u00f6g \u00e1 m\u00f3ti skapi a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0.<\/font>
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Undir lok starfsferils s\u00edns sem yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Kleppi var \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur enn a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a kenningu s\u00edna um vatnsdrykkju sem me\u00f0al vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum og gagnsemi ba\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsum krankleik. Hann var kominn \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 truflun \u00ed svitakirtlum ylli ge\u00f0veiki. \u00cd vi\u00f0tali \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0inu<\/i> \u00ed jan\u00faar 1940<\/a> vitnar hann \u00ed J\u00f3n Steingr\u00edmsson, eldklerkinn fr\u00e6ga, sem segi \u00e1 einum sta\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e6vis\u00f6gu sinni: \u201e\u00deegar \u00e9g missti svitann, f\u00f3r m\u00e9r a\u00f0 l\u00ed\u00f0a ver\u201c og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur segist \u00ed starfi s\u00ednu hafi teki\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 \u201ege\u00f0veikissj\u00faklingar svitna aldrei\u201c. Hann f\u00f3r \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 reyna koma svitanum \u00fat \u00e1 sj\u00faklingunum me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum r\u00e1\u00f0um. \u00dea\u00f0 sem virka\u00f0i best var a\u00f0 setja \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed 45\u00b0 heitt ba\u00f0 \u00ed 20-60 m\u00edn\u00fatur og hafa \u00fe\u00e1 vaf\u00f0a \u00ed umb\u00fa\u00f0ir \u00e1fram eftir ba\u00f0i\u00f0, segir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00edtarlegu vi\u00f0tali \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu<\/i> vori\u00f0 1939<\/a>. \u00de\u00e1 h\u00e6kki l\u00edkamshiti sj\u00faklinga \u00ed\u00a0 41.5\u00b0- 42\u00b0, hefur h\u00e6stur m\u00e6lst 42.6\u00b0 \u00ed tilraunum hans. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur tekur fram a\u00f0 ekki megi setja sj\u00fakling \u00ed svona ba\u00f0 \u201enema me\u00f0 t\u00f3man maga og n\u00fd\u00fatskolu\u00f0u rectum.\u201c Hann sta\u00f0h\u00e6fir \u00ed vi\u00f0talinu a\u00f0 tveir ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklingar hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 albata me\u00f0 \u00feessari a\u00f0fer\u00f0:<\/font>
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Annar er 26 \u00e1ra gamall, var b\u00fainn a\u00f0 vera veikur \u00ed 10 \u00e1r, en hjer \u00ed 5 \u00e1r. Veiki hans var schizophrenia simplex. Hann fekk 15 b\u00f6\u00f0 alls. \u00deykir mjer \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfum \u00f3tr\u00falega I\u00edti\u00f0. En ma\u00f0urinn er <\/font>pr\u00fd\u00f0ilega greindur og get jeg mjer til, a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 og pers\u00f3nuleiki hans hafi hjer r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 nokkru um. Hinn er um \u00fer\u00edtugt. B\u00fainn a\u00f0 vera ge\u00f0veikur \u00ed 3\u20144 \u00e1r\u00a0 […] Hann var me\u00f0 schizophrenia paranoides (ofs\u00f3knarge\u00f0veiki). Hann fekk um 40 b\u00f6\u00f0 og er n\u00fa heilbrig\u00f0ur og fer br\u00e1tt heim til s\u00edn. S\u00ed\u00f0ustu dagana stj\u00f3rna\u00f0i hann sjer sj\u00e1lfur \u00ed ba\u00f0inu, og svitinn hefir streymt af honum eins og hverjum \u00f6\u00f0rum heilbrig\u00f0um manni.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0i vir\u00f0ast sj\u00faklingarnir ekkert alltaf hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1fram um a\u00f0 fara \u00ed ba\u00f0i\u00f0 holla en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 reifa \u00fe\u00e1 eins og t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 ungab\u00f6rn, svo \u00feeir geti sig ekki hr\u00e6rt, er \u00fea\u00f0 vandam\u00e1l \u00far s\u00f6gunni. \u00cd Morgunbla\u00f0s<\/i>vi\u00f0talinu 1939 l\u00fdsir hann \u00feessu svona:<\/font>
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En \u00fea\u00f0 er vissara me\u00f0 alla ge\u00f0veikisj\u00faklinga a\u00f0 leggja \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed umb\u00fa\u00f0ir strax. \u2014 Hendurnar eru lag\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur me\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0unum, og laki vafi\u00f0 utan um \u00fe\u00e1. S\u00ed\u00f0an er strigi l\u00e1tinn utan yfir og bundinn, svo a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingarnir geti ekki losa\u00f0 sig. Eftir ba\u00f0i\u00f0 eru \u00feeir l\u00e1tnir \u00ed \u00feurt e\u00f0a rakt lak, \u00fear utan yfir er ullar\u00e1brei\u00f0u vafi\u00f0 og loks striga. Hendurnar eru fyrst lag\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur me\u00f0 hli\u00f0unum, eins og fyr, og sj\u00faklingarnir l\u00e1tnir \u00ed r\u00fam sitt. \u00de\u00e1 halda \u00feeir \u00e1fram a\u00f0 svitna um allan l\u00edkamann.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00deessa svitame\u00f0fer\u00f0 taldi \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur s\u00edna eigin uppg\u00f6tvun og hana merka (l\u00edkt og sveltik\u00farana \u00e1\u00f0ur) en birti aldrei neinar v\u00edsindagreinar um hana.<\/font>
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\n\u00a0Gagnr\u00fdni \u00e1 l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar Sveinssonar<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00cd sp\u00e6nsku veikinni 1918 vann \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur sem almennur l\u00e6knir en beitti s\u00f6mu a\u00f0fer\u00f0um \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 sem veiktust af \u00feessari alvarlegu infl\u00faensu og hann beitti \u00e1 sj\u00faklinga s\u00edna \u00e1 Kleppi, nefnilega vatnsdrykkju og svelti. A\u00f0rir l\u00e6knar kl\u00f6gu\u00f0u hann fyrir Gu\u00f0mundi Bj\u00f6rnssyni landl\u00e6kni en landl\u00e6knir h\u00e9lt hl\u00edfiskildi yfir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deann 9. mars 1923 birtist greinin Ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li\u00f0 \u00e1 Kleppi<\/a> \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0inu<\/i> og vakti mikla athygli. Greinina skrifa\u00f0i Gu\u00f0finna Eydal og \u00ed henni l\u00fdsir h\u00fan reynslu sinni af dv\u00f6l \u00e1 Kleppi fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0sumars 1919 til haustsins 1920. Gu\u00f0finna segist hafa kynnt s\u00e9r samb\u00e6rilegar stofnanir \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku, Englandi, \u00de\u00fdskalandi og v\u00ed\u00f0ar og a\u00f0 hvergi s\u00e9u nota\u00f0ar eins \u00f3mann\u00fa\u00f0legar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir og \u00e1 Kleppi:<\/font>
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\u00c9g hika ekki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0\u00a0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00faklingum \u00e1 Kleppi\u00a0 er andstyggileg, og g\u00e6ti \u00e9g\u00a0 komi\u00f0 me\u00f0 m\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi \u00fev\u00ed til s\u00f6nnunar \u00far daglega l\u00edfinu \u00e1\u00a0 Kleppi \u00feessa 15 m\u00e1nu\u00f0i, er \u00e9g var \u00fear sj\u00faklingur. Einna hrottalegastar fundust m\u00e9r kaff\u00e6ringarnar. Menn \u00e1l\u00edta n\u00fa m\u00e1ske, a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u l\u00e6kningatilraun, en svo er ekki \u00e6t\u00ed\u00f0 a\u00f0 minsta kosti. \u00de\u00e6r eru bl\u00e1tt \u00e1fram refsing \u00e1 sj\u00faklingana fyrir \u00fdmsar yfirsj\u00f3nir […] [sj\u00faklingurinn er] miskunnarlaust keyr\u00f0ur \u00e1 kaf ofan \u00ed ba\u00f0ker, sem \u00e1\u00f0ur er h\u00e1lffylt me\u00f0 \u00edsk\u00f6ldu vatni. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki l\u00e1ti\u00f0 n\u00e6gja a\u00f0 d\u00fdfa sj\u00faklingunum \u00ed eitt skifti, heldur hva\u00f0 eftir anna\u00f0 og er \u00feeim haldi\u00f0 ni\u00f0ri \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed, \u00fear til \u00feeir eru komnir a\u00f0 k\u00f6fnun […]<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0an nefnir Gu\u00f0finna svelti\u00f0 sem h\u00fan telur a\u00f0 hafi dregi\u00f0 nokkra sj\u00faklinga til dau\u00f0a enda s\u00e9u menn l\u00e1tnir svelta \u00ed alltof langan t\u00edma. H\u00fan sl\u00e6r varnagla um a\u00f0 svelti geti veri\u00f0 gild l\u00e6kninga\u00f0fer\u00f0: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 vel vera, a\u00f0 nokkurra daga svelta \u00ed \u00fdmsum ge\u00f0veikitilfellum geti veri\u00f0 heilsusamleg; \u00e9g skal ekkert um \u00fea\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0a. En a\u00f0 l\u00e6knirinn hafi leyfi til a\u00f0 svelta sj\u00faklinga s\u00edna svo a\u00f0 segja takmarkalaust, \u2014 \u00fea\u00f0 get \u00e9g ekki skili\u00f0.\u201c <\/font>Gu\u00f0finna rekur svo \u00ferj\u00e1r sorgars\u00f6gur af illri me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sj\u00faklinga \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem h\u00fan l\u00e1 \u00e1 Kleppi og l\u00fdkur m\u00e1li s\u00ednu \u00feannig: \u201eM\u00e9r finst, a\u00f0 l\u00e6knir \u00e1 ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6li \u00feurfi a\u00f0 vera l\u00fdsandi stjarna \u00ed myrkri \u00feessara vesalinga, en ekki hr\u00e6\u00f0a.\u201c<\/font><\/p>\n

Sj\u00e1lfsagt hefur Gu\u00f0finnu veri\u00f0 kunnugt um skrif Amalie Skram gegn ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninum Knud Pontoppidan laust fyrir aldam\u00f3tin 1900 og tali\u00f0 v\u00e6nlegt til \u00e1rangurs a\u00f0 birta gagnr\u00fdni s\u00edna opinberlega. \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson br\u00e1st og eins vi\u00f0 og Knud Pontoppidan: H\u00e9lt fyrirlestur s\u00e9r til varnar og gaf s\u00ed\u00f0an fyrirlesturinn \u00fat (b\u00e6klinginn Vatnsl\u00e6kningar<\/i>). En \u00f3l\u00edku er \u00fe\u00f3 saman a\u00f0 jafna: Gu\u00f0finna Eydal var ekki vel\u00feekkt sk\u00e1ldkona heldur h\u00fasfreyja \u00e1 Akureyri. Og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson f\u00f3r me\u00f0 sigur af h\u00f3lmi og var talsvert skrifa\u00f0 honum til varnar.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd ma\u00ed 1923 birti Gu\u00f0mundur \u00deorkelsson, sem starfa\u00f0 haf\u00f0i sem hj\u00fakrunarma\u00f0ur \u00e1 Kleppi undanfarna 20 m\u00e1nu\u00f0i, \u201eOpi\u00f0 brjef til r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnarinnar” \u00ed t\u00edmaritinu Stefnunni<\/i>. \u00cd br\u00e9finu \u00f3skar hann eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarr\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 rannsaki \u00e1standi\u00f0 \u00e1 Kleppi \u00fev\u00ed \u201el\u00e6kningaa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir og framkoma l\u00e6knisins gagnvart sj\u00faklingunum er svo gj\u00f6r\u00f3l\u00edk \u00fev\u00ed, er \u00e9g sem hj\u00fakrunarma\u00f0ur \u00e1 ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6lum erlendis hef vanizt um fult 7 \u00e1ra bil\u201c. Gu\u00f0mundur haf\u00f0i, skv. me\u00f0fylgjandi vottor\u00f0um, starfa\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fdmsum ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6lum \u00ed Noregi. Hann vir\u00f0ist hafa gert s\u00e9r \u00e1g\u00e6ta grein fyrir samtryggingu l\u00e6kna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fev\u00ed hann \u00f3skar, \u00ed br\u00e9finu, eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fatlendur ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir ver\u00f0i fenginn til a\u00f0 taka \u00fat l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 Kleppi. Engar heimildir eru fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 opinber yfirv\u00f6ld hafi rannsaka\u00f0 l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar \u00e1 Kleppi \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessu opinberlega birta br\u00e9fi.<\/font>
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Ni\u00f0urlag<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Anna\u00f0 hvort hefur \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson ekki teki\u00f0 s\u00e9rlega vel eftir \u00ed s\u00ednu s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0in\u00e1mi \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og \u00de\u00fdskalandi e\u00f0a ekki haft mikla tr\u00fa \u00e1 \u00feeim ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem \u00fear voru prakt\u00edsera\u00f0ar, nema b\u00f6\u00f0unum. Hann vir\u00f0ist og ekki hafa fylgst me\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3un ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum heldur snemma hafa teki\u00f0 \u00feann p\u00f3linn \u00ed h\u00e6\u00f0ina a\u00f0 gera eigin tilraunir \u00e1 sj\u00faklingum s\u00ednum og \u00fer\u00f3a eigin a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir. \u00de\u00e6r minna a\u00f0 sumu leyti \u00e1 ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningaa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir fyrir mi\u00f0ja n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld, a\u00f0 sumu leyti \u00e1 n\u00fdm\u00f3\u00f0ins detox me\u00f0fer\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

Stundum hefur veri\u00f0 bent \u00e1 \u00e1huga \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar \u00e1 sp\u00edritisma sem sk\u00fdringu \u00e1 \u00feessum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um, a\u00f0 hann hafi reynt a\u00f0 svelta illa anda \u00far sj\u00faklingunum, en \u00ed opinberri v\u00f6rn sinni fyrir l\u00e6kninga\u00f0fer\u00f0unum minnist\u00a0hann vitaskuld ekkert \u00e1 sl\u00edkt. Hitt er og v\u00edst a\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur var algerlega tr\u00falaus, raunar svarinn andst\u00e6\u00f0ingur kirkjunnar, en eindreginn sp\u00edritisti, f\u00f3r m.a. s\u00e1lf\u00f6rum um v\u00ed\u00f0a ver\u00f6ld. \u00de\u00f3tt ekki v\u00e6ri \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur tr\u00faa\u00f0ur \u00e1 sp\u00edritisma \u00e1 n\u00e1ms\u00e1ri s\u00ednu \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku hefur honum sj\u00e1lfsagt veri\u00f0 fullkunnugt um a\u00f0 helstu fram\u00e1menn \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum \u00fear t\u00f3ku virkan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed danska s\u00e1larranns\u00f3knarf\u00e9laginu, enda t\u00f6ldu menn s\u00e1larranns\u00f3knir v\u00edsindalegar \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma. \u00de\u00e1tttaka \u00ed stofnun \u00edslenska s\u00e1larranns\u00f3knaf\u00e9lagsins 1918 og virk \u00fe\u00e1tttaka \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hefur \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edklega, \u00ed augum \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar, \u00e1g\u00e6tlega samr\u00fdmst starfi hans sem eina ge\u00f0l\u00e6knis landsins.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd snarpri ritdeilu \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar og \u00c1g\u00fasts H. Bjarnasonar pr\u00f3fessors, sem gaf \u00fat \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu s\u00edna \u00e1 ritinu Ge\u00f0veikin<\/i> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1920, kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i enga tr\u00fa \u00e1 s\u00e1ll\u00e6kningum \u00ed anda Freud. Samt greip hann til hugtaka \u00far \u00feeirri smi\u00f0ju \u00ed v\u00f6rn sinni fyrir sveltime\u00f0fer\u00f0inni, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00fatlistar \u00e1hrif undirme\u00f0vitundarinnar \u00e1 ge\u00f0veiki.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kannski m\u00e6tti segja a\u00f0 vi\u00f0horf og v\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar fyrir s\u00ednum l\u00e6kningaa\u00f0fer\u00f0um kristallist \u00ed or\u00f0um hans: \u201eHvernig stendur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 jeg m\u00e1 ekki reyna a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa veikum m\u00f6nnum me\u00f0 \u00feeim a\u00f0fer\u00f0um, sem jeg \u00e1l\u00edt sj\u00e1lfur, a\u00f0 sjeu betri heldur en a\u00f0rar?\u201c (s. 24 \u00ed Vatnsl\u00e6kningar<\/i>.) \u00cd \u00ed rauninni m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00feetta vi\u00f0horf s\u00e9 enn r\u00edkjandi \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum, h\u00e9rlendis sem erlendis. Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar hampa \u201ekl\u00edn\u00edskri reynslu\u201c til a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja lyfjagj\u00f6f sem engar v\u00edsindalegar ranns\u00f3knir sty\u00f0ja, t.d. svokalla\u00f0ra \u201eoff label\u201c lyfja vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum (ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst \u00feunglyndi), e\u00f0a rafl\u00e6kningar sem enn er umdeilt hvort s\u00e9u til gagns e\u00f0a ska\u00f0a. \u00deeir nota sem sagt gjarna \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir \u00e1l\u00edta sj\u00e1lfir a\u00f0 s\u00e9 betri a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir en a\u00f0rar, alveg eins og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson ger\u00f0i. Munurinn liggur helst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar Sveinssonar, \u00f3ge\u00f0felldar og kukl-kenndar sem \u00fe\u00e6r kunna a\u00f0 \u00feykja n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00f6nnum, voru mun \u00f3l\u00edklegri til a\u00f0 valda sj\u00faklingum varanlegum ska\u00f0a en \u00fe\u00e6r lyfjagjafir sem l\u00e6rife\u00f0ur hans beittu, svo ekki s\u00e9 minnst \u00e1 seinni t\u00edma ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningaa\u00f0fer\u00f0ir, a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir n\u00fat\u00edmage\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00fear ekki undanskildar.<\/font>
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Heimildir, auk efnis sem kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed \u00far f\u00e6rslunni<\/b>:<\/font>
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Gu\u00f0mundur \u00deorkelsson. Opi\u00f0 brjef\u00a0til r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnarinnar. Stefnan,<\/em> ma\u00ed 1923.\u00a0<\/font><\/p>\n

Hildigunnur Hj\u00e1lmarsd\u00f3ttir. Danska fr\u00fain \u00e1 Kleppi. Br\u00e9f Ellenar Kaaber Sveinsson<\/i>. Skrudda, 2007.<\/font><\/p>\n

J\u00f3hannes Bergsveinsson. Um \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 Sveinsson og upphaf Kleppssp\u00edtala<\/a>. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 2007\/93, s. 780-785.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson. Kleppur \u00ed 100 \u00e1r<\/i>. JVP \u00fatg\u00e1fa, 2007.<\/font><\/p>\n

T\u00f3mas Helgason. Stutt \u00e1grip af s\u00f6gu Kleppssp\u00edtalans. Kleppssp\u00edtalinn 75 \u00e1ra. 1907-1982.<\/i> S\u00e9rprenta\u00f0 fylgirit L\u00e6knabla\u00f0sins<\/i> 1983, s. 3-7..<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson. Vatnsl\u00e6kningar. Erindi flutt \u00ed N\u00fdja B\u00ed\u00f3i 14.03 1923, vegna \u00e1r\u00e1sar Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0sins \u00e1 hj\u00fakrunarf\u00f3lk og l\u00e6kna \u00e1 Kleppi<\/i>. B\u00f3kaverslun Gu\u00f0mundar Gamal\u00edelssonar, 1923.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson. \u00c1hrif f\u00f6stu \u00e1 undirvitundina<\/i>. Fyrirlestur \u00ed L\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagi Reykjav\u00edkur \u00feann 11. desember 1922. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 1923:9, s. 226-31.<\/font>
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Forsagan Talsvert hefur veri\u00f0 gert \u00far illum a\u00f0b\u00fana\u00f0i ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra h\u00e9rlendis \u00e1\u00f0ur en Kleppur var stofna\u00f0ur og \u00fe\u00e1 jafnan bent \u00e1 tv\u00e6r heimildir, annars vegar heilbrig\u00f0issk\u00fdrslu \u00deorgr\u00edms Johnsen h\u00e9ra\u00f0sl\u00e6knis, sem hann skrifa\u00f0i 1872 og sendi heilbrig\u00f0isyfirv\u00f6ldum …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=505"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":580,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/505\/revisions\/580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}