{"id":507,"date":"2013-05-12T16:43:47","date_gmt":"2013-05-12T16:43:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-12\/upphaf-lost-laekninga-vid-gedveiki\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:45:18","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:45:18","slug":"upphaf-lost-laekninga-vid-gedveiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/12\/upphaf-lost-laekninga-vid-gedveiki\/","title":{"rendered":"Upphaf lost-l\u00e6kninga vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0
\n\u00a0\u00a0
\nIns\u00fal\u00edn-lost Manfreds Sakel<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Manfred Sakel f\u00e6ddist \u00ed Austurr\u00edsk-ungverska keisarad\u00e6minu og stunda\u00f0i n\u00e1m \u00ed V\u00edn. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1927 gegndi hann st\u00f6rfum ge\u00f0l\u00e6knis \u00e1 h\u00e6li fyrir eiturlyfjaf\u00edkla \u00ed Berl\u00edn. \u00ddmsir listamenn leitu\u00f0u s\u00e9r hj\u00e1lpar \u00e1 \u00feessu h\u00e6li, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al leikkona sem var morf\u00ednf\u00edkill en a\u00f0 auki sykursj\u00fak. Fyrir mist\u00f6k gaf Sakel henni of st\u00f3ran skammt af ins\u00fal\u00edni og h\u00fan f\u00e9ll \u00ed d\u00e1. \u00deegar h\u00fan ranka\u00f0i vi\u00f0 s\u00e9r aftur virtist morf\u00ednf\u00edknin \u00e1 bak og burt. Sakel pr\u00f3fa\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gefa \u00f6\u00f0rum f\u00edklum st\u00f3ra skammta af ins\u00fal\u00edni og taldi sig hafa uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0 l\u00e6kningu gegn f\u00edkn. Uppg\u00f6tvun hans\u00a0f\u00e9kk engan hlj\u00f3mgrunn en \u00feegar hann flutti aftur til V\u00ednar, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1933, h\u00e9lt hann \u00e1fram ins\u00fal\u00edn-tilraunum s\u00ednum.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"InsulinSvo h\u00e1tta\u00f0i til a\u00f0 Sakel haf\u00f0i umsj\u00f3n me\u00f0 deild ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga \u00ed V\u00edn. Hann reyndi ins\u00fal\u00edni\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeim enda \u00fe\u00f3ttist hann hafa merkt \u00ed fyrri tilraunum a\u00f0 ins\u00fal\u00edn hef\u00f0i g\u00f3\u00f0 r\u00f3andi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00faka. Sakel sprauta\u00f0i sj\u00faklingana me\u00f0 st\u00f3rum ins\u00fal\u00ednsk\u00f6mmtum, bl\u00f3\u00f0sykur \u00feeirra f\u00e9ll mj\u00f6g og \u00feeir f\u00e9llu \u00ed dj\u00fapt d\u00e1. \u00c1\u00f0ur en \u00feeir misstu me\u00f0vitund fengu margir \u00feeirra krampa. Til a\u00f0 l\u00edfga sj\u00faklinga aftur \u00far ins\u00fal\u00ednd\u00e1inu hellti Sakel ofan \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 sykurlausn, ca. 150 g af sykri uppleystum \u00ed vatni.<\/font><\/p>\n

Manfred Sakel haf\u00f0i enga sk\u00fdra kenningu um \u00fea\u00f0 af hverju \u00feessi me\u00f0fer\u00f0 virka\u00f0i. Hann taldi a\u00f0 kannski blokkera\u00f0i ins\u00fal\u00edni\u00f0 virkustu heilafrumurnar – sem yllu ge\u00f0veikinni – og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma styrkti \u00fea\u00f0 \u201ee\u00f0lilega virkni\u201c \u00ed heilanum. E\u00f0a a\u00f0 ins\u00fal\u00edni\u00f0 hef\u00f0i \u201eafeitrunar\u00e1hrif\u201c, ef vera kynni a\u00f0 seinna k\u00e6mi \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofi stafa\u00f0i af einhvers konar eitrun. A\u00f0 mati Sakel skipti \u00feetta litlu m\u00e1li, a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 var a\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0in virka\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n

Sakel gaf \u00fat fyrstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar \u00e1 tilraunum me\u00f0 st\u00f3ra ins\u00fal\u00ednskammta \u00e1ri\u00f0 1933, tveimur \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar gaf hann \u00fat b\u00f3kina Neue Behandlungsmethode der Schizophrenie<\/i>. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni h\u00e9lt hann \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00e1rangurinn v\u00e6ri undraver\u00f0ur: Yfir 70% ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga hef\u00f0u n\u00e1\u00f0 fullum bata og allt \u00ed allt haf\u00f0i 88% af sj\u00faklingunum batna\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0. \u00deetta spur\u00f0ist um heim allan enda ge\u00f0klofi s\u00e9rlega erfi\u00f0ur vi\u00f0ureignar og \u00e1 ge\u00f0veikrah\u00e6lum beggja vegna Atlandshafsins var ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0in umsvifalaust tekin upp.<\/font><\/p>\n

Danski ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Otto Jul Nielsen s\u00f3tti Sakel heim \u00ed V\u00ednarborg, s\u00e1 me\u00f0 eigin augum \u00e1rangurinn og byrja\u00f0i a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa \u00e1 s\u00ednum sj\u00faklingum \u00e1 Frederiksberg Hospital 1936. Flj\u00f3tlega fylgdu r\u00edkisreknu ge\u00f0sj\u00fakrah\u00fasin \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0, fyrst Sindssygehospitalet \u00ed \u00c1r\u00f3sum, s\u00ed\u00f0an Vordingborg og svo koll af kolli.<\/font><\/p>\n

Vagn Askgaard, yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Vordingborg, skrifa\u00f0i grein \u00ed M\u00e5nedsskrift for Praktisk L\u00e6gegerning<\/i> \u00fear sem hann l\u00fdsti reynslunni \u00e1 Vordingborg og framkv\u00e6md ins\u00fal\u00ednlosta \u00fear. Eins og \u00ed V\u00ednarborg byrjum vi\u00f0 snemma \u00e1 morgnana og sj\u00faklingarnir eru sprauta\u00f0ir klukkan 7, sag\u00f0i Askgaard. Stuttu eftir sprautuna byrju\u00f0u sj\u00faklingarnir a\u00f0 svitna g\u00edfurlega og slefan rann \u00ed str\u00ed\u00f0um straumum. \u00c1\u00f0ur en me\u00f0vitundarleysi\u00f0 t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 fengu sj\u00faklingarnir kippi og krampa og stundum flog sem l\u00edktist flogaveiki. Svo f\u00e9llu \u00feeir \u00ed d\u00e1 og engin vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1reiti voru merkjanleg. \u00cd d\u00e1inu l\u00e1gu \u00feeir me\u00f0 opin augun. Til a\u00f0 vekja sj\u00fakling \u00far d\u00e1i var leidd sonda gegnum n\u00f6s ofan \u00ed maga og hellt \u00ed sykurvatni um trekt. Venjulega gefum vi\u00f0 sykurinn um 11-11.30 leyti\u00f0 og svo ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed 8-10 m\u00edn\u00fatur uns sj\u00faklingurinn rankar \u00far rotinu.\u00a0Vaninn er a\u00f0 gefa hverjum sj\u00faklingi\u00a0lost 6 sinnum \u00ed viku \u00ed allt a\u00f0 \u00ferj\u00e1 m\u00e1nu\u00f0i.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1937 \u00e1kv\u00e1\u00f0u danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar \u00e1 fundi Danska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagsins a\u00f0 taka saman yfirlit yfir \u00e1rangurinn af ins\u00fal\u00edn-lostunum (og raunar cardiazol-lostunum l\u00edka). S\u00fa vinna t\u00f3k t\u00edmann sinn \u00fev\u00ed um lei\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 n\u00e1 samkomulagi um greiningu ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, \u00fe.e.a.s. hanna samr\u00e6mda greiningu. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar litu ekki dagsins lj\u00f3s fyrr en \u00e1 fundi \u00ed jan\u00faar 1941 og voru birtar opinberlega \u00ed t\u00edmaritinu Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica<\/i> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942. \u00cd h\u00f3pi 162 \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0ra ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga haf\u00f0i einungis 4 batna\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ins\u00fal\u00edn-lostin. \u201e\u00deetta var eins og \u00edsk\u00f6ld vatnsgusa\u201c, sag\u00f0i ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Villars Lunn seinna um fundinn, \u201een kom okkur \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 \u00f3v\u00f6rum. \u00dev\u00ed vi\u00f0 vissum hver sk\u00fdringin var – nefnilega \u00fe\u00e6r st\u00edfu og \u00f3fr\u00e1v\u00edkjanlegu kr\u00f6fur sem vi\u00f0 h\u00e9rlendis gerum skylt a\u00f0 uppfylla til a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreina ge\u00f0klofa.\u201c \u00cd \u00feessari \u00fattekt kom einnig \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 um 1% sj\u00faklinganna haf\u00f0i d\u00e1i\u00f0 af me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni. \u00ddmsar a\u00f0rar \u00f3heppilegar aukaverkanir fylgdu henni, t.d. vandam\u00e1l tengd hjarta og lungum og beinbrot af \u00fdmsum toga. En fundarmenn sam\u00feykktu einr\u00f3ma a\u00f0 \u201e\u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fdmsa erfi\u00f0leika\u201c v\u00e6ru b\u00e6\u00f0i ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost og cardiazol-lost \u201e\u00f3venju st\u00f3rt framfaraspor innan ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninganna.\u201c\u00a0 Danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar h\u00e9ldu \u00e1fram a\u00f0 nota b\u00e6\u00f0i ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost og cardizol-lost eftir \u00feetta \u00fe\u00f3tt raflost og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda leystu \u00feau flj\u00f3tlega a\u00f0 hluta til af h\u00f3lmi. \u00deeir h\u00e9ldu einnig \u00e1fram a\u00f0 skrifa lofsamlega um b\u00e6\u00f0i ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost og cardiazol-lostin, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar sem fengust 1941.<\/font><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 myndband af sj\u00faklingi sem f\u00e6r ins\u00fal\u00ednlost<\/a>. Menn \u00e6ttu ekkert a\u00f0 horfa \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 nema \u00feeir s\u00e9u sterkir \u00e1 taugum … Og \u00ed upphafi norska sj\u00f3nvarsp\u00fe\u00e1ttarins\/fr\u00e9ttarinnar Sjokkbehandling i norsk psykiatrihistorie<\/a> s\u00e9st sj\u00faklingur f\u00e1 ins\u00fal\u00ednlost, um mi\u00f0biki\u00f0 s\u00e9st meir af sama atbur\u00f0i.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn \u00d3ttars Gu\u00f0mundssonar (2007, s. 73) haf\u00f0i Helgi T\u00f3masson, yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 N\u00fdja-Kleppi, \u00e1huga \u00e1 ins\u00fal\u00ednlost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni og vildi senda hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ing til \u00fatlanda til a\u00f0 kynna s\u00e9r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina en \u201eh\u00fan vir\u00f0ist aldrei hafa komist \u00ed almenna notkun.\u201c Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir skrifar \u00ed greininni Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra (Shock therapia) \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1947 mj\u00f6g lofsamlega um ins\u00fal\u00ednlost-a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina, segir: \u201e\u00c1rangurinn hefir or\u00f0i\u00f0 misjafn, en flestir eru \u00fe\u00f3 samm\u00e1la um, a\u00f0 ins\u00falin-l\u00e6kningin gefi betri \u00e1rangur vi\u00f0 schizophrenia en nokkur \u00f6nnur l\u00e6kninga\u00f0a\u00f0fer\u00f0 sem enn hefir veri\u00f0 reynd vi\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi \u00feessum.\u201c M\u00e1li s\u00ednu til s\u00f6nnunar vitnar Kristj\u00e1n \u00ed bandar\u00edska k\u00f6nnun. Hann segir a\u00f0 batinn haldist misjafnlega lengi, f\u00e1ar vikur til eins \u00e1rs hafi sj\u00fak\u00f3murinn sta\u00f0i\u00f0 lengi en \u201ehafi veikin a\u00f0eins vara\u00f0 stutt, getur batinn haldizt \u00e1rum saman.\u201c Kristj\u00e1n nefnir a\u00f0 ins\u00fal\u00ednlost gefist og afar vel vi\u00f0 \u201econfusio mentis psychogenia, paranoid psychogen psychosum og neurosum\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 er engin lei\u00f0 a\u00f0 meta af grein hans hvort hann hefur pr\u00f3fa\u00f0 \u00feetta sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1 s\u00ednum sj\u00faklingum e\u00f0a byggir einungis \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem hann hefur lesi\u00f0. Kristj\u00e1n nam ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku, starfa\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fdmsum ge\u00f0veikrasp\u00edt\u00f6lum \u00fear \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1937-44, og var b\u00fainn a\u00f0 lesa ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur Danska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagsins sem birtust 1942 en vitnar ekki \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r \u00feegar hann fjallar um \u00e1rangur ins\u00fal\u00ednlostanna.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd grein Alfre\u00f0s G\u00edslasonar, Bjarna Oddssonar og Kristj\u00e1ns \u00deorvar\u00f0ssonar, Lobotomia, sem birtist \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1952, eru raktar margar sj\u00fakras\u00f6gur. Ein \u00feeirra er saga 44 \u00e1ra gamallar \u00f3giftrar konu:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

[H\u00fan hefur veri\u00f0] ge\u00f0veik \u00ed 17 \u00e1r, byrja\u00f0i me\u00f0 exaltio, breyttist br\u00e1tt \u00ed schizophren mynd (katakonia).\u00a0 F\u00e9kk insulinlost 1936 (J\u00f3n heitinn Geirsson l\u00e6knir) \u00ed 3 vikur, \u00e1n \u00e1rangurs. 1937 cardiazol-lost, 20 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir (J. G.) me\u00f0 allg\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1rangri. Bati h\u00e9lzt stutt.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

J\u00f3n Geirsson var f\u00e6ddur 1905 og starfa\u00f0i sem heimilisl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Akureyri fr\u00e1 1934 til \u00e6viloka \u00e1ri\u00f0 1950. Hann hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 hafa beitt \u00feessum me\u00f0fer\u00f0um \u00e1 sj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu \u00fear.<\/font><\/p>\n

Af ofans\u00f6g\u00f0u er \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed hve miklum m\u00e6li ins\u00fal\u00edn-losti var beitt \u00e1 ge\u00f0klofa sj\u00faklinga \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Sj\u00e1lfsagt hefur \u00fea\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0 \u00fdkja miki\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 gera \u00feetta \u00e1 sj\u00fakrah\u00fasi, me\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0arf\u00f3lk vi\u00f0 h\u00f6ndina og helst a\u00f0 hafa tilt\u00e6kt adrenal\u00edn ef sj\u00faklingurinn vakna\u00f0i ekki \u00far d\u00e1inu.<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Cardiazol-lost Ladislas Meduna<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Um svipa\u00f0 leyti og Manfred Sakel fann upp ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost fann Ladislas J. Meduna<\/a> upp cardiazol-lostin. Meduna \u00feessi var ungverskur ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir sem haf\u00f0i, af kl\u00edn\u00edskri reynslu sinni, teki\u00f0 eftir a\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklingar voru n\u00e1nast aldrei flogaveikir. Hann f\u00f3r a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r af hverju \u00feetta g\u00e6ti stafa\u00f0. Hann rannsaka\u00f0i heila b\u00e6\u00f0i flogaveikra og ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga og taldi sig sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed heilum hinna fyrrnefndu var meira taugatr\u00f3\u00f0 (vefur til styrktar taugafrumum, heitir glia \u00e1 ensku) en e\u00f0lilegt gat talist og a\u00f0 sama skapi minna taugatr\u00f3\u00f0 en e\u00f0lilegt gat talist \u00ed heilum ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinganna. Af \u00fev\u00ed dr\u00f3 hann \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 flog\/krampar g\u00e6tu auki\u00f0 taugatr\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklingum sem myndi \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00e6kna sj\u00fakd\u00f3minn.<\/font><\/p>\n

Meduna h\u00f3f strax leitina a\u00f0 efni sem framkalla\u00f0i krampa Hann byrja\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera tilraunir \u00e1 d\u00fdrum og var loks \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kamf\u00f3ra<\/a> virka\u00f0i sk\u00e1st \u00ed \u00feessum tilgangi (eftir a\u00f0 hafa pr\u00f3fa\u00f0 koffein, strykn\u00edn, o.fl.) Svo f\u00f3r hann a\u00f0 gera kamf\u00f3ru-tilraunir \u00e1 ge\u00f0klofa sj\u00faklingum s\u00ednum \u00ed Lipotmez, r\u00e9tt fyrir utan B\u00fadapest. \u00de\u00f3tt Meduna \u00fe\u00e6ttist merkja a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingunum batna\u00f0i talsvert vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera sprauta\u00f0ir me\u00f0 kamf\u00f3ru var hann ekki n\u00f3gu \u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0ur me\u00f0 \u00e1hrif hennar og skipti yfir \u00ed cardiazol (efni\u00f0 pentylenetetrazol<\/a>, einnig kalla\u00f0 metrazol). \u00c1\u00f0ur haf\u00f0i cardiazol veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem hjartalyf en v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed sprauta\u00f0 \u00ed st\u00f3rum sk\u00f6mmtum olli \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e1nast umsvifalaust krampa, virka\u00f0i miklu hra\u00f0ar en kamf\u00f3ran. Medina birti fyrstu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar \u00e1 tilraunum til a\u00f0 sprauta cardiazoli \u00ed 26 ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga (\u00fear sem hann h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 t\u00edu hef\u00f0i alveg batna\u00f0 og \u00feremur batna\u00f0 a\u00f0 hluta) \u00e1ri\u00f0 1935 og a\u00f0alritverk hans, Die Konvulsionstherapie der Schizophrenie<\/i>,\u00a0 kom \u00fat 1937. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed segir hann fr\u00e1 \u00e1rangri me\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar \u00e1 110 sj\u00faklingum og sta\u00f0h\u00e6fir a\u00f0 helmingi \u00feeirra hafi batna\u00f0. (\u00deegar seinni t\u00edma menn f\u00f3ru ofan \u00ed saumana \u00e1 ranns\u00f3knum Medina kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 hann haf\u00f0i hagr\u00e6tt ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unum t\u00f6luvert.) Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar um alla Evr\u00f3pu t\u00f3ku a\u00f0fer\u00f0 Medina fagnandi, ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar \u00ed Amer\u00edku f\u00f6gnu\u00f0u henni enn meir, og cardiazol-lostin voru hvarvetna notu\u00f0 \u00e1 ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"cardiazol\u00cd Danm\u00f6rku voru ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar vi\u00f0 Rigshospitalet \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn fyrstir til a\u00f0 nota cardiazol-lost, svo Vordingborg og svo hver sp\u00edtalinn \u00e1 f\u00e6tur \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00cd Vordingborg t\u00f3ku menn daginn snemma: Sj\u00faklingurinn sem \u00e1tti a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla var l\u00e1tinn liggja \u00e1 bakinu \u00ed r\u00fami s\u00ednu me\u00f0 \u00fatlimi teyg\u00f0a fr\u00e1 s\u00e9r. Koddi var settur undir h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0 og samanbrotinn koddi undir axlir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far slysah\u00e6ttu af ofsafengnum kr\u00f6mpunum. Sj\u00faklingurinn var svo sprauta\u00f0ur me\u00f0 500-700 milligr\u00f6mmum af uppleystu cardizoli. T\u00edu sek\u00fandum eftir sprautuna \u00feurfti l\u00e6knirinn a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa um \u00falnli\u00f0i sj\u00faklings og halda f\u00f6stum, jafnframt a\u00f0 \u00fdta ni\u00f0ur \u00f6xlum hans. N\u00e6stu 50 sek\u00fandurnar f\u00e9kk sj\u00faklingurinn sl\u00e6mt flog, h\u00fa\u00f0in bl\u00e1na\u00f0i, hendur og f\u00e6tur kipptust til \u00f3tt og t\u00edtt og loks missti sj\u00faklingurinn me\u00f0vitund.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1 YouTube<\/i> er \u00f6rstutt myndband af sj\u00faklingi sem er sprauta\u00f0ur me\u00f0 cardizol<\/a>. \u00c9g vara vi\u00f0kv\u00e6ma vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 horfa \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

Til er l\u00fdsing sj\u00faklings \u00e1 \u00feessari me\u00f0fer\u00f0, t\u00e6plega fertugs karlmanns sem var lag\u00f0ur inn \u00e1 Vordingborg og greindur manio-depress\u00edvur. Yfirl\u00e6knar l\u00e1su yfir \u00f6ll br\u00e9f til og fr\u00e1 sj\u00faklingum og h\u00e9ldu eftir br\u00e9fum ef \u00feeim s\u00fdndist, br\u00e9fin hafa svo var\u00f0veist me\u00f0 sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1m. Sama skikk var \u00e1 Kleppi og \u00feess vegna hefur fj\u00f6ldi br\u00e9fa sj\u00faklinga var\u00f0veist, a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn \u00d3ttars Gu\u00f0mundssonar (2007). Ma\u00f0urinn \u00e1 Vordingborg skrifa\u00f0i fj\u00f6lskyldu sinni og sag\u00f0i fr\u00e1 cardiazol-lostme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni sem hann var beittur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1938:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Undanfari\u00f0 hef \u00e9g fengi\u00f0 ca. 5-7 sprautur me\u00f0 einhverju sem heitir cardiazol. Sprauta\u00f0 er \u00ed venu (\u00e6\u00f0 sem liggur til hjartans) \u00ed h\u00e6gri olnbogab\u00f3t. \u00deetta er eitthva\u00f0 n\u00fdtt segir Dr. Hahnemann. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur mj\u00f6g sterka verkun, allt \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en allt anna\u00f0, sem \u00e9g hef hinga\u00f0 til veri\u00f0 sprauta\u00f0ur me\u00f0. Ca. 10 sek\u00fandum eftir a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 sprauta\u00f0ur er eins og manni s\u00e9 kippt \u00fat \u00far sj\u00e1lfum s\u00e9r inn \u00ed annan heim, en samt s\u00e9r ma\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 sem standa hj\u00e1 eins og \u00ed gagns\u00e6rri \u00feoku. \u00deetta er algerlega \u00f3\u00feolandi og fullkomlega \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 komast \u00fat \u00far \u00feessu. Stundum er verkunin sterkari, stundum veikari; \u00feegar h\u00fan er sterk s\u00e9r ma\u00f0ur s\u00fdnir. Stofan sem ma\u00f0ur liggur \u00ed fer a\u00f0 l\u00edkjast helv\u00edti og \u00fea\u00f0 er eins og ma\u00f0ur brenni \u00ed \u00f3s\u00fdnilegum eldi. \u00deetta er mj\u00f6g \u00f3hugnalegt. En n\u00fa er \u00feessu sem betur fer loki\u00f0.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Verkunin af cardiazol var svo \u00f3hugnaleg a\u00f0 margir sj\u00faklingar voru skelfingu lostnir af tilhugsuninni um sprauturnar. \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 kom fyrir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0, oft fj\u00f3rir karlmenn, \u00feurftum b\u00f3kstaflega a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta m\u00f3tspyrnu sj\u00faklinganna \u00e1 bak aftur\u201c sag\u00f0i Villars Lunn, sem starfa\u00f0i \u00e1 Vordingborg (og var\u00f0 seinna yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Rigshospitalet). \u00cd sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1m Vordingborg er v\u00ed\u00f0a n\u00f3tera\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 um sj\u00faklinga sem voru dau\u00f0hr\u00e6ddir vi\u00f0 cardiazolme\u00f0fer\u00f0ina. Ein kona var \u201esvo hr\u00e6dd vi\u00f0 l\u00edkurnar \u00e1 a\u00f0 henni yr\u00f0i gefi\u00f0 anna\u00f0 lost, a\u00f0 h\u00fan hefur \u00e6pt h\u00e1st\u00f6fum fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed snemma \u00ed morgun\u201c og \u201eh\u00f3ta\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e1rreyta deildarl\u00e6kninn\u201c.<\/font>Yfirl\u00e6knirinn \u00e1 Vordinborg, Victor Hahnemann, skrifa\u00f0i grein um fr\u00e1b\u00e6ran \u00e1rangur af cardiazol-me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni \u00fear \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1937-38 og birti \u00ed Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger<\/i> \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1939. \u00dear segir hann a\u00f0 af 207 sj\u00faklingum me\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa hafi 19% n\u00e1\u00f0 fullum bata, 33% n\u00e1\u00f0 nokkrum bata en enginn bati sj\u00e1ist hj\u00e1 48% \u00feeirra. Auk \u00feeirra hafi hann me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0 24 \u00feunglyndissj\u00faklinga og 15 man\u00edusj\u00faklinga: \u00d6llum batna\u00f0i. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a hans var a\u00f0 cardiazol-lost v\u00e6ru ekki bara d\u00fdrm\u00e6tt verkf\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 f\u00e1st vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa heldur einnig lundarfars-ge\u00f0veiki (stemnings-psykoser).<\/font><\/p>\n

En … \u00feegar Danska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 f\u00f3r a\u00f0 athuga kerfisbundi\u00f0 hverju cardiazol-lostin (og ins\u00falin-lostin) hef\u00f0u skila\u00f0 (sj\u00e1 um \u00feessa \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un ofar \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni) og birti ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar fyrst \u00e1 fundi 1941, s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed fagriti 1942, var\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 draumal\u00e6kningin sem Hahnemann taldi sig hafa s\u00e9\u00f0 var t\u00e1ls\u00fdn. Einungis 9 ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklingum af 782 haf\u00f0i batna\u00f0 a\u00f0 fullu! \u00cd h\u00f3pi annrra ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga (manio-depressivra, \u00feeirra sem ekki var \u00f6ruggt a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri ge\u00f0klofa o.fl.) var \u00e1rangurinn miklu betri, e\u00f0a fullur bati hj\u00e1 t\u00e6plega 40% \u00feeirra. Cardiazol-lostin reyndust ekki eins h\u00e6ttuleg og ins\u00fal\u00edn-lostin en samt d\u00f3u 0,5% \u00feeirra sem me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni voru beittir. Talsvert var um ska\u00f0a \u00ed lungum, hjartakvilla, sprungur \u00e1 hrygg, upphandlegg og \u00ed h\u00e1lsi.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt menn k\u00e6must upp \u00e1 lag me\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota curare sem v\u00f6\u00f0vaslakandi lyf \u00ed lost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0um flj\u00f3tlega upp \u00far 1940 byrju\u00f0u Danir ekki a\u00f0 nota \u00fea\u00f0 fyrr en 1948. Upp \u00far 1950 var h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 nota cardiazol og ins\u00fal\u00edn til a\u00f0 framkalla krampa \u00ed ge\u00f0sj\u00faklingum, raflostin ur\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1 allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert a\u00f0 \u00feegar Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson, danskmennta\u00f0ur ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, l\u00fdsir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um Danska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knaf\u00e9lagsins (\u00ed greininni Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1947) or\u00f0ar hann \u00feetta svona:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1942 l\u00e9t Dansk psykiatrisk Selskab safna sk\u00fdrslum um \u00e1rangurinn af cardiazola\u00f0ger\u00f0inni \u00e1 schizophrenum sj\u00faklingum. 11,3% ur\u00f0u albata, \u00feeirra, sem ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 veikir lengur en 1 \u00e1r.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dearf varla a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 Kristj\u00e1ni \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00feetta mikil \u00e1g\u00e6tis-l\u00e6kningara\u00f0fer\u00f0 og hann b\u00e6tir vi\u00f0, me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun \u00ed d\u00f6nsku ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ugreinina:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Cardiazol-me\u00f0fer\u00f0in hefir veri\u00f0 reynd vi\u00f0 psychogen psychosur, depressio mentis (b\u00e6\u00f0i endogen og psychogen depressio), einnig vi\u00f0 depressionir \u00ed klimakter\u00edum, mani og psychoneurosum. \u00c1rangurinn er oftast g\u00f3\u00f0ur og batinn f\u00e6st venjulega eftir f\u00e1ar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir, fullur bati e\u00f0a allg\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00ed yfir 75% tilfella. (Acta psych. 1942).<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur hef \u00e9g ekki a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 greininni \u00ed Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica<\/i> \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942 og get \u00fev\u00ed ekki raki\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hvernig Kristj\u00e1n fegrar mynd s\u00edna af \u00e1rangri cardiazol-losta. Hann telur raunar a\u00f0 raflost s\u00e9u mun heppilegri \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1rangurinn s\u00e9 ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ri af \u00feeim og sj\u00faklingarnir ekki n\u00e6rri eins hr\u00e6ddir vi\u00f0 raflostin.<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00d3m\u00f6gulegt er a\u00f0 segja til um \u00ed hve miklum m\u00e6li cardiazol-lost voru notu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00cd sj\u00fakras\u00f6gunni sem vitna\u00f0 var \u00ed fyrr \u00ed f\u00e6rslunni kemur fram a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn (44 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul kona) haf\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1937 veri\u00f0 sprautu\u00f0 me\u00f0 cardiazol tuttugu sinnum, \u00e1 Akureyri. N\u00e6r \u00f6ruggt er a\u00f0 \u00feessa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 hefur ekki veri\u00f0 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 veita nema \u00e1 sj\u00fakrah\u00fasi. \u00c1 eina ge\u00f0sj\u00fakrah\u00fasi landsins, Kleppi, var h\u00fan ekki notu\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed Helgi T\u00f3masson haf\u00f0i illan bifur \u00e1 cardiazol-lostum. \u00cd greininni Rafrot vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki, sem birtist \u00e1ri\u00f0 1955 segir Helgi:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tortryggni m\u00edn kom \u00feegar upp vi\u00f0 lestur fyrstu greinar v. Meduna um krampaa\u00f0ger\u00f0irnar, \u00fear sem hann \u00e1lyktar \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, sem vitanlega var rangt, \u00fe. e. andst\u00e6\u00f0u ge\u00f0klofa og flogaveiki.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00dea\u00f0 j\u00f3k tortryggni m\u00edna, \u00feegar \u00e9g s\u00e1 sj\u00fakling, sem telja var\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 veikan, me\u00f0 card\u00edazolkrampa, sams konar krampa og ma\u00f0ur \u00e1rum saman haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 berjast \u00e1 m\u00f3ti, haf\u00f0i jafnvel s\u00e9\u00f0 sj\u00fakling deyja af, og manni gat aldrei skilizt, a\u00f0 nokkur sj\u00faklingur hef\u00f0i nema illt af kr\u00f6mpunum. \u00dea\u00f0 b\u00e6tti ekki um, \u00feegar ma\u00f0ur f\u00e9kk nokkra sj\u00faklinga til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 sp\u00edtala e\u00f0a utan sp\u00edtala me\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3m, sem manni virtist hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt a\u00f0 albatna, en sj\u00faklingarnir h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00ed \u00feess sta\u00f0 fengi\u00f0 \u201evefr\u00e6n\u201c einkenni \u00ed vi\u00f0b\u00f3t, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er bezt var\u00f0 s\u00e9\u00f0, vegna \u00feeirrar rotme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar sem \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u s\u00e6tt hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00e6kni.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Helgi f\u00f3r n\u00e6r \u00e1rlega utan til a\u00f0 fylgjast me\u00f0 n\u00fdjustu stefnum og straumum \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum. \u00dea\u00f0 kann vel a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 suma sj\u00faklingana sem hann l\u00fdsir \u00ed \u00feessu broti hafi hann s\u00e9\u00f0 ytra en kann l\u00edka a\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 h\u00e9rlendis.<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Heimildir a\u00f0rar en kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed \u00far\u00a0 f\u00e6rslunni<\/b>:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason, Bjarni Oddsson og Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson. Lobotomia. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 36. \u00e1rg., 7. tbl., s. 97-112. 1952.<\/font><\/p>\n

Helgi T\u00f3masson. Rafrot vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki. Heilbrig\u00f0issk\u00fdrslur 1951<\/i>. 1955.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Psykiatriske chokbehandlinger<\/a>. Magasinet Humaniora<\/i> nr. 4, s. 4-7. 2005.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Shock Therapy in Danish Psychiatry<\/a>. Medical History<\/i>, 54. \u00e1rg., s. 341-364. 2010.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Det hvide snit. Psykokirurgi og dansk psykiatri 1922-1983<\/i>. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2010.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson. Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra (Shock therapia). L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 32. \u00e1rg., 2. tbl., s. 17-22. 1947.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson. Kleppur \u00ed 100 \u00e1r<\/i>. JVP \u00fatg\u00e1fa, 2007.<\/font><\/p>\n

Psykiatriens Historie i Danmark<\/i>. Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. 2008, ritstj\u00f3ri Jesper Vaczy Kragh.<\/font><\/p>\n

Shorter, Edward. A History of Psychiatry from the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bandar\u00edkjunum. 1997.<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost Manfreds Sakel Manfred Sakel f\u00e6ddist \u00ed Austurr\u00edsk-ungverska keisarad\u00e6minu og stunda\u00f0i n\u00e1m \u00ed V\u00edn. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1927 gegndi hann st\u00f6rfum ge\u00f0l\u00e6knis \u00e1 h\u00e6li fyrir eiturlyfjaf\u00edkla \u00ed Berl\u00edn. \u00ddmsir listamenn leitu\u00f0u s\u00e9r hj\u00e1lpar \u00e1 \u00feessu …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=507"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":578,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/507\/revisions\/578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=507"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=507"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=507"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}