{"id":508,"date":"2013-05-13T23:41:41","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T23:41:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-13\/raflaekningar-vid-gedveiki\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:44:43","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:44:43","slug":"raflaekningar-vid-gedveiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/13\/raflaekningar-vid-gedveiki\/","title":{"rendered":"Rafl\u00e6kningar vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\"Rafl\u00e6kningar\"\u00c1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld var talsvert \u00ed t\u00edsku beggja vegna Atlandshafsins a\u00f0 nota rafmagn til l\u00e6kninga, ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga. \u00deetta var einkar v\u00e6gur straumur sem gefinn var h\u00e9r og \u00fear, ekkert endilega \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0, og s\u00ed\u00f0armeir \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0u menn \u201erafmagnsb\u00f6\u00f0\u201c, \u00fe.e. ker sem rafstraumur l\u00e9k um, \u00ed sama skyni.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd yfirlitsgrein yfir rafl\u00e6kningar breskra l\u00e6kna \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld (Beverdige og Renvoize. 1988) eru raktar skiptar sko\u00f0anir bresku ge\u00f0l\u00e6knanna \u00e1 hvernig v\u00e6ri best a\u00f0 beita rafmagninu. \u00deeir voru \u00fe\u00f3 samm\u00e1la um eitt: \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri einungis \u00e1 f\u00e6ri s\u00e9rmennta\u00f0ra v\u00edsindamanna, \u00fe.e. l\u00e6kna, a\u00f0 beita \u00feessum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um. Einnig vitnu\u00f0u \u00feeir gjarna til kl\u00edn\u00edskrar reynslu sinnar sem ger\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 \u00feeir einir g\u00e6tu meti\u00f0 hva\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0 v\u00e6ri heppilegust vi\u00f0 hverjum ge\u00f0r\u00e6num kvilla. (Eil\u00edti\u00f0 fyrr var \u00fdmiss konar segulm\u00f6gnunarme\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0r\u00e6num vandam\u00e1lum o.fl. \u00ed t\u00edsku, h\u00fan rann svo stundum saman vi\u00f0 rafl\u00e6kningarnar \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld.)<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1hugas\u00f6mum um svona rafl\u00e6kningar er bent \u00e1 amer\u00edsku kennslub\u00f3kina A Practical Treatise on the Medical & Surgical Uses of Electricity: Including localized and general faradization; localized and central galvanization; electrolysis and galvano-cautery<\/a> eftir George Miller Beard, fyrst \u00fatg. 1875; kaflinn um ge\u00f0veiki hefst \u00e1 s. 437 \u00ed \u00feessari \u00fatg\u00e1fu.<\/a> Eru \u00ed honum raktar margar sj\u00fakras\u00f6gur sem og hvernig rafmagnsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 l\u00e6kna\u00f0i m\u00f3\u00f0urs\u00fdki, taugaveiklun og brj\u00e1lsemi. (Deilur \u00fe\u00fdskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld um hvernig rafl\u00e6kningar skyldu framkv\u00e6mdar eru svo raktar \u00ed Electrotherapeutic disputes: the \u2018Frankfurt Council\u2019of 1891<\/a> eftir Holger Steinbeck.)<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin er \u00far Burns safninu<\/a> og s\u00fdnir rafl\u00e6kningu 1862.<\/font><\/p>\n

Segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 arfleif\u00f0 \u00feessara n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar rafl\u00e6kninga vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsum kvillum, \u00fe.\u00e1.m. ge\u00f0veiki, megi helst sj\u00e1 n\u00fana \u00ed kukll\u00e6kningum og snyrtistofume\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/a>. En einnig m\u00e1 rekja til \u00feeirra n\u00fdt\u00edsku hugmyndir um dj\u00fap\u00f6rvun heila (Deep Brain Stimulation) og skreyjutaugar\u00f6rvun (Vagus Nervus Stimulation), hvort tveggja augl\u00fdst sem g\u00f3\u00f0 l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi. Og g\u00f6mlu segulm\u00f6gnunara\u00f0fer\u00f0irnar hafa gengi\u00f0 \u00ed endurn\u00fdjun l\u00edfdaga \u00ed segul\u00f6rvun heila, sj\u00e1 samnefnda grein eftir \u00d6nnu L M\u00f6ller og Sigurj\u00f3n B Stef\u00e1nsson \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 2004<\/a>. \u00c9g veit um eitt n\u00fdlegt d\u00e6mi \u00feess a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir \u00e1 Landsp\u00edtala hafi sent \u00feunglyndissj\u00fakling \u00ed segul\u00f6rvunarme\u00f0fer\u00f0.<\/font>
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\u00c1 tuttugustu \u00f6ld t\u00f3ku rafl\u00e6kningar \u00e1 sig heldur skelfilegri mynd, \u00feegar fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 beita rafmagnsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 sprengjulosti (shell shock) hermanna \u00ed fyrri heimstyrj\u00f6ldinni. Walter-Jauregg, s\u00e1 sem fann upp malar\u00edume\u00f0fer\u00f0ina sem fjalla\u00f0 var um \u00ed n\u00e6sts\u00ed\u00f0ustu f\u00e6rslu<\/a> og \u00fe\u00e1\u00f0i N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin fyrir, var k\u00e6r\u00f0ur fyrir rafmagnsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ina sem hann beitti \u00ed \u00feessu skyni. Til a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar honum \u00ed r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldunum var vitni\u00f0 Sigmund Freud \ud83d\ude42 Walter-Jauregg nota\u00f0i rafmagni\u00f0 eins og \u00fe\u00fdskir og franskir starfsbr\u00e6\u00f0ur hans: Gaf herm\u00f6nnunum s\u00e1rsaukafull stu\u00f0 og l\u00e9t \u00fe\u00e1 horfa \u00e1 f\u00e9laga s\u00edna f\u00e1 svona stu\u00f0. Tali\u00f0 var a\u00f0 \u00feessi a\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00fdtti undir \u00e1hrifam\u00e1tt hvatningar til r\u00edfa sig upp \u00far eymdinni og sn\u00faa aftur \u00e1 v\u00edgv\u00f6llinn. A\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur Walter-Jauregg, Kozlowski, var s\u00e9rlega hrifinn af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gefa \u00feessum sj\u00faklingum, herm\u00f6nnum sem \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust af sprengjulosti, raflost \u00ed fingurg\u00f3ma, t\u00e6r, geirv\u00f6rtur og jafnvel eistu. Til a\u00f0 gera langa s\u00f6gu stutta \u00fe\u00e1 lauk r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldunum \u00e1 a\u00f0 Walter-Jauregg var me\u00f0 \u00f6llu s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur en a\u00f0sto\u00f0arma\u00f0ur hans d\u00e6mdur fyrir sl\u00e6ma me\u00f0fer\u00f0. Tilraun Freud til a\u00f0 koma s\u00e9r \u00ed mj\u00fakinn hj\u00e1 Walter-Jauregg me\u00f0 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um vitnisbur\u00f0i \u00ed r\u00e9ttarh\u00f6ldunum (Freud gaf t.d. \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00e1lit a\u00f0 77 daga einangrunarvist v\u00e6ri \u201e\u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gileg en algerlega h\u00e6ttulaus\u201c) mist\u00f3kst me\u00f0 \u00f6llu.<\/font><\/p>\n

Arfleif\u00f0 franska og \u00fe\u00fdskra rafl\u00e6kninga vi\u00f0 sprengjulosti hermanna \u00ed heimstyrj\u00f6ldinni fyrri er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 augs\u00fdnileg \u00ed pyndingum (t.d. p\u00f3lit\u00edskra fanga) enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag.<\/font>
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Rafrot\/raflost\/rafl\u00e6kningar (ECT)<\/font><\/b>
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\"rafrot\u00cdt\u00f6lsku ge\u00f0-og taugal\u00e6knarnir Ugo Cerletti<\/a> og Lucio Bini fundu upp a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina a\u00f0 framkalla krampa me\u00f0 raflostum til l\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veiki. \u00deeir leitu\u00f0u a\u00f0 betri a\u00f0fer\u00f0 en cardiazol-sprautum til a\u00f0 framkalla krampa, \u00ed \u00feeirri fullvissu a\u00f0 krampak\u00f6st myndu l\u00e6kna ge\u00f0klofa, a.m.k. gera hann vi\u00f0r\u00e1\u00f0anlegri. Sagan segir a\u00f0 \u00feeim hafi dotti\u00f0 \u00ed hug a\u00f0 nota rafmagn eftir a\u00f0 athygli \u00feeirra var vakin \u00e1 raflostum sem notu\u00f0 voru \u00ed heimab\u00e6 \u00feeirra, R\u00f3m, til a\u00f0 rota sv\u00edn svo \u00feau v\u00e6ru ekki me\u00f0 \u00f3\u00feekkt \u00feegar \u00feau voru skorin \u00e1 h\u00e1ls. Sv\u00ednin fengu krampa og misstu me\u00f0vitund. (Myndin er tekin \u00ed R\u00f3m \u00e1ri\u00f0 1938 og s\u00fdnir rafmagns\u00e1hald til a\u00f0 rota sv\u00edn.)<\/font><\/p>\n

\"LucioCerletti og Bini pr\u00f3fu\u00f0 sig \u00e1fram \u00ed d\u00fdratilraunum (me\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed sl\u00e1turh\u00fasinu g\u00f3\u00f0a) og voru loks tilb\u00fanir til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina \u00e1 manni, \u00ed apr\u00edl 1938. Til verksins v\u00f6ldu \u00feeir t\u00e6plega fertugan verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ing fr\u00e1 M\u00edlan\u00f3, me\u00f0 sk\u00fdr einkenni ge\u00f0klofa. Bini var \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00fainn a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a frumst\u00e6tt t\u00e6ki sem gat gefi\u00f0 80-100 volta stu\u00f0 \u00ed sek\u00fandubrot, hanna\u00f0 eftir sv\u00ednarotst\u00e6kinu og straumurinn gefinn um gagnaugun.<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin til h\u00e6gri er af Lucio Bini a\u00f0 s\u00fdna raflost \u00e1 sj\u00faklingi, tekin 1940.<\/font><\/p>\n

Cerletti og Bini ger\u00f0u s\u00e9r grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ef \u00feeir dr\u00e6pu fyrsta sj\u00faklinginn yr\u00f0i ekki um fleiri tilraunir a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og gengu e\u00f0lilega d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 hr\u00e6ddir til verks. \u00deeir pr\u00f3fu\u00f0u fyrst a\u00f0 gefa honum raflost upp \u00e1 80 volt \u00ed einn t\u00edunda af sek\u00fandu. Ekkert ger\u00f0ist. N\u00e6st reyndu \u00feeir 90 volta straum en enn \u00e1n \u00e1rangurs. Loks\u00a0 h\u00e6kku\u00f0u \u00feeir strauminn \u00ed botn og stu\u00f0u\u00f0u sj\u00faklinginn eins og t\u00e6ki\u00f0 leyf\u00f0i. Hann f\u00e9kk \u00fe\u00e1 krampa, h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 anda og bl\u00e1na\u00f0i upp. Bini byrja\u00f0i a\u00f0 telja sek\u00fandurnar … og \u00e1 fertugustu og \u00e1ttundu sek\u00fandu andvarpa\u00f0i sj\u00faklingurinn dj\u00fapt. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0u Cerletti og Bini l\u00edka! Sj\u00faklingurinn settist upp, r\u00f3legur og brosandi. Cerletti og Bini g\u00e1fu honum ellefu raflost \u00e1 n\u00e6stu vikum og sj\u00faklingnum batna\u00f0i svo vel a\u00f0 hann var \u00fatskrifa\u00f0ur og sendur heim til s\u00edn \u00ed M\u00edlan\u00f3 \u00ed s\u00edna vinnu. (\u00dea\u00f0 skemmir eil\u00edti\u00f0 \u00feessa kraftaverkas\u00f6gu a\u00f0 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00ferem m\u00e1nu\u00f0um seinna var \u00feessi sami sj\u00faklingur farinn a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 s\u00fdnir og heyra ofheyrnir og var lag\u00f0ur aftur inn \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakrah\u00fas.)<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deeir f\u00e9lagarnir sn\u00e9ru s\u00e9r s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklingum og \u00fe\u00f3ttust merkja mikinn bata af raflostunum. \u00deeir \u00e1ttu\u00f0u sig strax \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 raflostunum fylgdi afturvirkt \u00f3minni en \u00e1litu \u00fea\u00f0 hi\u00f0 besta m\u00e1l \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 g\u00e1tu sj\u00faklingarnir ekki muna\u00f0 eftir me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni milli losta og var \u00fev\u00ed ekkert \u00ed n\u00f6p vi\u00f0 hana.<\/font>
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Eins og fyrri krampal\u00e6kningaruppfinningarmenn h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00feeir eiginlega ekki hugmynd um af hverju l\u00e6kningara\u00f0fer\u00f0in virka\u00f0i. Seinna setti Cerletti fram \u00fe\u00e1 tilg\u00e1tu a\u00f0 raflost l\u00e9tu heilann framlei\u00f0a \u00f6rvandi efni sem hann kalla\u00f0i \u201eagro-agonime\u201c. Hann pr\u00f3fa\u00f0i \u00feessa tilg\u00e1tu me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sprauta ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 uppleystri bl\u00f6ndu \u00far heilum sv\u00edna sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u fengi\u00f0 raflost og taldi \u00e1rangurinn g\u00f3\u00f0an. Nokkrir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, Frakklandi og \u00ed Brasil\u00edu pr\u00f3fu\u00f0u \u00feessa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 en h\u00fan n\u00e1\u00f0i ekki frekari \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu.<\/font>
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Cerletti og Bini kynntu strax raflostsa\u00f0fer\u00f0ina s\u00edna sem v\u00ed\u00f0ast og \u00fe\u00f3tt k\u00e6mi mj\u00f6g flj\u00f3tt \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 h\u00fan gagna\u00f0ist illa sem me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa, var\u00f0 h\u00fan feikivins\u00e6l um allan heim sem \u00f6flug l\u00e6kningame\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi og fleiri ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum. Cerletti og Bini voru meira a\u00f0 segja tilnefndir til N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launa \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a> \u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar en fengu \u00feau ekki.<\/font><\/p>\n

Lothar Kalinowski, \u00fe\u00fdskur gy\u00f0ingur og metna\u00f0argjarn ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir, fl\u00fa\u00f0i til \u00cdtal\u00edu 1933, fylgdist me\u00f0 fyrstu tilraunum Cerletti og Bini og breiddi svo \u00fat fagna\u00f0arerindi\u00f0: Fyrst \u00ed Par\u00eds, s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 Englandi eftir a\u00f0 hann flutti \u00feanga\u00f0 1939. \u00c1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar flutti Kalinowski til Bandar\u00edkjanna og setti au\u00f0vita\u00f0 upp raflostl\u00e6kningami\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 \u00ed New York fylki. (A\u00f0 v\u00edsu haf\u00f0i \u00edtalskur ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir kynnt a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00e1ri fyrr en Kalinowski hefur v\u00e6ntanlega \u00e1tt sinn \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu hennar. \u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum var annars mj\u00f6g sterk andsta\u00f0a s\u00e1lgreinandi ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna, sem st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00ed anda Freud og Jung.) Alls sta\u00f0ar f\u00f6gnu\u00f0u menn raflost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3l\u00edkt card\u00edazol-me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni \u00feurfti ekki a\u00f0 elta uppi sj\u00faklingana og halda \u00feeim, \u00feeir voru miklu s\u00ed\u00f0ur hr\u00e6ddir vi\u00f0 raflostin.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00e1rdaga raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0a fylgdi stundum s\u00e1 b\u00f6ggull skammrifi a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingarnir beinbrotnu\u00f0u, t.d. hryggbrotnu\u00f0u, \u00ed ofsafengnum kr\u00f6mpunum. \u00dea\u00f0 vandam\u00e1l var leyst \u00e1ri\u00f0 1940 \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjum \u00feegar \u00fearlendur l\u00e6knir fann upp a\u00f0 nota curare sem krampastillandi lyf \u00ed raflostum. (Curare var a\u00f0 v\u00edsu hreint ekki h\u00e6ttulaust lyf.) Seinna meir leysti succinylcholine (s\u00faxamet\u00f3n) curare af h\u00f3lmi.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er oft tala\u00f0 um a\u00f0 malar\u00edume\u00f0fer\u00f0in og lostme\u00f0fer\u00f0irnar hafi lyft ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum \u00far \u00f6skust\u00f3 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0anna. \u201eUntil then, psychiatry had been a poor Cinderella, eking out at paltry existence in the asylum\u201c, segir Edward Shorter (1997, s. 224). Og hann vitnar \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn Louis Casamajor, sem starfa\u00f0i \u00ed New York og sag\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1943: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 spyrja sig hvort lostl\u00e6kningarnar s\u00e9u yfirleitt til g\u00f3\u00f0s fyrir sj\u00faklingana en \u00fea\u00f0 er enginn vafi \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafa veri\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum til \u00f3metanlegs g\u00f3\u00f0s.\u201c<\/font>
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\u00c1 Youtube<\/i> er myndband af raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1rd\u00f6gum me\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar<\/a>. Vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir \u00e6ttu ekki a\u00f0 horfa \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0.\u00a0\u00a0<\/font>
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V\u00edkur n\u00fa s\u00f6gunni til Danmerkur, ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrstu \u00edslensku ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir (auk \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 Sveinssonar og Helga T\u00f3massonar), sem komu \u00far n\u00e1mi \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a og fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar, voru langflestir mennta\u00f0ir \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og unnu \u00fear um lengri\u00a0e\u00f0a skemmri t\u00edma \u00e1 \u00fdmsum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakrah\u00fasum.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"raflost\u00deann 21. \u00e1g\u00fast 1939 var \u00feri\u00f0ja Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega taugal\u00e6kningar\u00e1\u00f0stefnan sett \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn. Hana s\u00f3ttu \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur fr\u00e1 meir en 25 l\u00f6ndum og au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mj\u00f6g margir danskir tauga- og ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar.\u00a0Og \u00fear fluttu fyrst Bini og s\u00ed\u00f0an Cerletti fyrirlestra um n\u00fdju l\u00e6kningaa\u00f0fer\u00f0ina s\u00edna vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa. Bini fjalla\u00f0i a\u00f0allega um t\u00e6knina sem \u00feeir beittu og s\u00fdndi t\u00e6ki til verksins. (H\u00e9r m\u00e1 sj\u00e1 mynd af t\u00e6kinu hans Bini<\/a>.)<\/font><\/p>\n

Einn d\u00f6nsku \u00fe\u00e1tttakendanna, Arild Faurbye, var\u00f0 strax spenntur og langa\u00f0i a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa \u00feessar n\u00fdju gr\u00e6jur \u00e1 ge\u00f0deildinni \u00e1 Bispebjerg Hospital. Hann f\u00e9kk danskan verkfr\u00e6\u00f0ing til a\u00f0 sm\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00e6ki eftir \u00edt\u00f6lsku fyrirmyndinni. Spennan gat veri\u00f0 0-150 volt, lostin m\u00e1tti gefa me\u00f0 tveimur elektr\u00f3\u00f0um sem voru 4 x 5,5 cm og svo fylgdu grisjur sem voru smur\u00f0ar me\u00f0 glycerin\u00e1bur\u00f0i og festar vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fu\u00f0 sj\u00faklingsins me\u00f0 g\u00famm\u00edteygju. Og fyrsta losti\u00f0 var gefi\u00f0 \u00e1 Bispebjerg sj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu \u00feann 15. n\u00f3vember 1940. N\u00e6stu tvo m\u00e1nu\u00f0ina voru 26 sj\u00faklingum gefin alls 200 raflost. Faurbye flutti\u00a0 fyrirlestur \u00ed Danska ge\u00f0l\u00e6knaf\u00e9laginu \u00ed jan\u00faar 1941 um tilraunir s\u00ednar, birti ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar \u00e1 prenti \u00ed mars sama \u00e1r. Og boltinn f\u00f3r a\u00f0 r\u00falla, s\u00e9rstaklega eftir a\u00f0 forstj\u00f3ri R\u00edkisge\u00f0sp\u00edtalar\u00e1\u00f0sins (Direktoriet for Statens Sindssygehospitaler) haf\u00f0i reikna\u00f0 \u00fat a\u00f0 raflostin v\u00e6ru \u00f3d\u00fdrari me\u00f0fer\u00f0 en cardiazol-lostin.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt myndin s\u00e9 tekin \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum s\u00fdnir h\u00fan d\u00e6migert raflost \u00e1\u00f0ur fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 sv\u00e6fa og lama sj\u00faklinga og getur allt eins \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd yfirlitsgrein sem Villars Lunn skrifa\u00f0i \u00ed Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger<\/i> \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ar (1949) sag\u00f0i hann a\u00f0 \u201eraflosta\u00f0fer\u00f0in [v\u00e6ri] \u00ed augnablikinu \u00f3metanleg sem hj\u00e1lpart\u00e6ki til l\u00e6kninga.\u201c Lunn benti jafnframt \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feessi me\u00f0fer\u00f0 n\u00fdttist betur vi\u00f0 \u201emanio-depressiv psykose\u201c en ge\u00f0klofa, \u00fe\u00f3tt upphaflega hafi h\u00fan veri\u00f0 hugsu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 honum, og virka\u00f0i vel \u00e1 \u00fdmiss konar tilfinningaleg einkenni (\u201eemotionelle syndromer\u201c).<\/font><\/p>\n

Lunn haf\u00f0i einnig or\u00f0 \u00e1 aukaverkunum. Af me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni hlaust bani \u00ed 0,5% tilvika og \u00ed 5-9% tilvika\u00a0beinbrotna\u00f0i sj\u00faklingurinn. \u00dea\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum d\u00f6nskum sj\u00fakrah\u00fasum a\u00f0 beita raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni \u00e1n sv\u00e6fingar og \u00e1n v\u00f6\u00f0valamandi efna allt framyfir 1950.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt vins\u00e6ldir rafl\u00e6kninga d\u00f6lu\u00f0u nokku\u00f0 \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem t\u00edmar li\u00f0u eru \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 aukast aftur. Samkv\u00e6mt t\u00f6lum fr\u00e1 d\u00f6nskum heilbrig\u00f0isyfirv\u00f6ldum voru um 2000 Danir me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir me\u00f0 raflostum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2010, 37% fleiri en voru me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir \u00feannig \u00e1ri\u00f0 2003. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri vissulega \u00e1hugavert a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 samsvarandi t\u00f6lur fyrir \u00cdsland en \u00fe\u00e6r liggja ekki \u00e1 lausu.<\/font>
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\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Seinni t\u00edma raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Svo sem flestum \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera kunnugt er raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 beitt enn \u00feann \u00ed dag, einkum vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi. Munurinn \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni n\u00fa til dags og \u00e1 fyrstu \u00e1ratugum hennar er einkum a\u00f0 n\u00fa eru undantekningarlaust notu\u00f0 l\u00f6munarefni og sj\u00faklingurinn sv\u00e6f\u00f0ur fyrir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina. Einnig eru v\u00ed\u00f0a notu\u00f0 einskauta-raflost, \u00fe.e.a.s. anna\u00f0 rafskauti\u00f0 er haft \u00e1 gagnauga sj\u00faklings en hitt \u00e1 enni, \u00ed sta\u00f0 beggja rafskauta \u00e1 gagnaugu svo sem fyrr t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist. Einskauta raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er talin hafa minni h\u00e6ttu \u00e1 minnistapi \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r.<\/font><\/p>\n

Reglulega hafa blossa\u00f0 upp deilur um hvort \u00feetta s\u00e9 forsvaranleg l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00de\u00e6r ver\u00f0a ekki raktar h\u00e9r en bent \u00e1 eftirfarandi:<\/font><\/p>\n

Aldrei hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 af hverju raflost virka \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi (s\u00e9u menn samm\u00e1la \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feau virki \u00e1 sj\u00fakd\u00f3minn). \u00dea\u00f0 eru sem sagt engar v\u00edsindalegar forsendur fyrir notkun \u00feeirra, einungis kl\u00edn\u00edsk reynsla og mat ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00e1 virkninni. Getum hefur veri\u00f0 leitt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 virki raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 raunverulega eitthva\u00f0 til b\u00f3ta \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrst og fremst vegna lyfleysu-\u00e1hrifa (placebo) (Blease. 2013). Allir eru samm\u00e1la um a\u00f0 verkun raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar gegn \u00feunglyndi er stutt, oftast \u00f6rf\u00e1ir m\u00e1nu\u00f0ir.<\/font><\/p>\n

Reglulega berast fregnir af kv\u00f6rtunum sj\u00faklinga undan miklum minnistruflunum eftir raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0, jafnvel margra \u00e1ra varanlegu minnisleysi. (Donahue. 2000 og Sackheim. 2007.) \u00deetta hefur aldrei veri\u00f0 rannsaka\u00f0 almennilega og \u00fev\u00ed enn \u00e1 huldu \u00ed hversu miklum m\u00e6li varanlegt langt\u00edma minnisleysi fylgir me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hefur og veri\u00f0 vakin athygli \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hve miki\u00f0 ber \u00ed milli \u00ed ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3kna, sem eru ger\u00f0ar me\u00f0al ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna e\u00f0a \u00e1 vegum ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og ranns\u00f3knum sem ger\u00f0ar eru me\u00f0al sj\u00faklinga, um \u00e1g\u00e6ti me\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar. (Rose. 2003 og Blease. 2013.)<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00e6stu f\u00e6rslu ver\u00f0ur fjalla\u00f0 um raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi (sem \u00edslenskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar vilja kalla rafl\u00e6kningar). \u00dea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur eil\u00edtil bi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeirri f\u00e6rslu \u00fev\u00ed m\u00edn b\u00ed\u00f0ur pr\u00f3fa\u00e1\u00fej\u00e1nin mikla …<\/font>
\n\u00a0
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Heimildir auk efnis sem er tengt \u00ed \u00far f\u00e6rslunni<\/font><\/b>:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Aruta, Alessandro. Shocking Waves at the Museum: The Bini\u2013Cerletti Electro-shock Apparatus<\/a>. Medical History<\/i>, 55. \u00e1rg. 3. tbl., s. 407\u2013412. 2011.<\/font><\/p>\n

Beveridge, A. W.; Renvoize, E. B. Electricity: A history of its use in the treatment of mental illness in Britain during the second half of the 19th century<\/a>. The British Journal of Psychiatry<\/i>, 153. \u00e1rgangur, \u00e1g\u00fast 1988.<\/font><\/p>\n

Blease, Charlotte. Electroconvulsive Therapy, The Placebo Effect and Informed Consent. Journal of Medical Ethics<\/i>, 29. \u00e1rg. 3. tbl. s. 166-70. Mars 2013. Af \u00feessari s\u00ed\u00f0u <\/a>m\u00e1 hla\u00f0a ni\u00f0ur greininni \u00ed .doc skjali en ma\u00f0ur \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera logga\u00f0ur inn \u00e1 Facebook til a\u00f0 geta \u00fea\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

Crocq, Marc-Antoine og Louis Crocq. From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder: a history of psychotraumatology<\/a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience<\/i>, 2. \u00e1rg. 1.tbl. s. 47\u201355. Mars 2000.<\/font><\/p>\n

Donahue, Anne B. Electroconvulsive Therapy and Memory Loss: A Personal Journey<\/a>. The Journal of ECT<\/i>, 16. \u00e1rg. 2.tbl., s. 133-143. 2000.<\/font><\/p>\n

Endler, Norman S. Origins of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)<\/a>. Convulsive Therapy<\/i>, 4. \u00e1rg. 1. hefti, s. 5-23. 1988.<\/font><\/p>\n

Hofer, Hans-Georg. War Neuroses<\/a>. Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction.<\/i> 2006<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Psykiatriske chokbehandlinger<\/a>. Magasinet Humaniora<\/i> nr. 4, s. 4-7. 2005.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Elektrochok, psykiatri og historie<\/a>. Ugeskrift for L\u00e6ger,<\/i> 167. \u00e1rg, 50 tbl. 2005.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Shock Therapy in Danish Psychiatry<\/a>. Medical History<\/i>, 54. \u00e1rg., 3. tbl., s. 341-364. J\u00fal\u00ed 2010.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kragh, Jesper Vaczy. Det hvide snit. Psykokirurgi og dansk psykiatri 1922-1983<\/i>. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2010.<\/font><\/p>\n

Pascual-Leone, Alvaro og Timothy Wagner. A Brief Summary of the History of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation<\/a>. Annual review of biomedical engineering<\/i>. \u00cd fylgiriti me\u00f0 9. \u00e1rg., s. 527-565. 2007<\/font><\/p>\n

Rose, Diana o.fl. Patients’ perspectives on electroconvulsive therapy: systematic review<\/a>. British Medical Journal<\/i>, j\u00fan\u00ed 2003.<\/font><\/p>\n

Sackeim, Harold A\u00a0 o.fl. The Cognitive Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Community Settings<\/a>. Neuropsychopharmacology<\/i> 32, s. 244\u2013254. 2007.<\/font><\/p>\n

Shephard, Ben. A War of Nerves: Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century<\/a>. Harvard University Press, 2003<\/font>
\nA\u00f0gengileg til sko\u00f0unar \u00e1 Google Books.<\/font><\/p>\n

Shorter, Edward. A History of Psychiatry from the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac<\/i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Bandar\u00edkjunum. 1997.<\/font><\/p>\n

Shorter, Edward. The History of ECT:Some Unsolved Mysteries<\/a>. Psychiatric Times<\/i>. Febr\u00faar 2004.<\/font><\/p>\n

Tatu, Laurent o.fl.The \u201ctorpillage\u201d neurologists of World War I. Electric therapy to send hysterics back to the front<\/a>. Neurology<\/i>, 75. \u00e1rg. 3. tbl., s. 279-283. 2010.<\/font>
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\u00a0\u00c1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld var talsvert \u00ed t\u00edsku beggja vegna Atlandshafsins a\u00f0 nota rafmagn til l\u00e6kninga, ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga. \u00deetta var einkar v\u00e6gur straumur sem gefinn var h\u00e9r og \u00fear, ekkert endilega \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0i\u00f0, og …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=508"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":577,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508\/revisions\/577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=508"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}