{"id":509,"date":"2013-05-19T16:51:31","date_gmt":"2013-05-19T16:51:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-19\/raflost-vid-gedveiki-herlendis\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:44:28","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:44:28","slug":"raflost-vid-gedveiki-herlendis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/19\/raflost-vid-gedveiki-herlendis\/","title":{"rendered":"Raflost vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki h\u00e9rlendis"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i mj\u00f6g \u00ed st\u00e9tt ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Fyrir voru \u00feeir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson og Helgi T\u00f3masson, s\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi l\u00e6r\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i til l\u00e6knis og stunda\u00f0i sitt s\u00e9rn\u00e1m (sem lauk me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u 1927) vi\u00f0 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Helgi vann \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum \u00e1 \u00e1rabilinu 1922-26 en t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 yfirl\u00e6knisst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00e1 N\u00fdja-Kleppi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1927.<\/font><\/p>\n

N\u00e6sti s\u00e9rmennta\u00f0i ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn \u00e1 eftir Helga var Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason. Eftir l\u00e6knapr\u00f3f (cand. med) h\u00e9r heima f\u00f3r hann til Danmerkur og st\u00fadera\u00f0i ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma. N\u00e1m ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna var \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma (og lengi \u00e1 eftir) f\u00f3lgi\u00f0 \u00ed vinnusta\u00f0an\u00e1mi, \u00fe.e. prax\u00eds \u00e1 ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum. Alfre\u00f0 vann \u00e1 d\u00f6nskum ge\u00f0sj\u00fakrah\u00fasum \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1932-36, kom svo heim og f\u00e9kk s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ileyfi \u00ed tauga- og ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1936.<\/font><\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0an koma Kjartan R. Gu\u00f0mundsson, sem f\u00e9kk s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ileyfi \u00ed tauga-og ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942, Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson (s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ileyfi \u00ed tauga-og ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1945), Gunnar \u00de. Benjam\u00ednsson (s\u00e9rfr.leyfi 1948) og Gr\u00edmur Magn\u00fasson (s\u00e9rfr. leyfi 1949). Allir stundu\u00f0u \u00feeir sitt n\u00e1m \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku nema Gr\u00edmur, sem l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00ed V\u00edn \u00ed Austurr\u00edki. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 undra \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1hrif ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga eins og \u00fe\u00e6r voru stunda\u00f0ar \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku, hafi veri\u00f0 afar sterk h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, a.m.k.\u00a0fram yfir 1960. Heimkomnir st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00feeir allir sem almennir l\u00e6knar (sj\u00fakrasamlagsl\u00e6knar) \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk en sinntu ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum me\u00f0fram.<\/font>
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Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson og Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason myndu\u00f0u bandalag gegn Helga T\u00f3massyni flj\u00f3tlega eftir a\u00f0 Kristj\u00e1n kom heim, eftir \u00e1tta \u00e1ra dv\u00f6l \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku, og \u00feeir hinir sem taldir voru upp h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan fylgdu \u00feeim tveimur a\u00f0 m\u00e1lum. \u00c1steytingarsteinninn var a\u00f0 \u00feeim fyrrnefndu \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00f3f\u00e6rt hve Helgi T\u00f3masson var \u00f3f\u00fas a\u00f0 taka upp \u201en\u00fat\u00edmage\u00f0l\u00e6kningar\u201c, einkum raflost og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1ri\u00f0 1946 flutti Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson erindi\u00f0 Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra (Shock therapia) \u00e1 L\u00e6kna\u00feingi, erindi\u00f0 birtist svo sem grein \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1947. \u00cd henni fjallar hann um ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost, cardiazol-lost og raflost. Kristj\u00e1n er hrifinn af \u00f6llum \u00feessum \u201erotl\u00e6kningum\u201c og segir um raflost:<\/font>
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Rafmagnsa\u00f0fer\u00f0in hefir reynzt vel vi\u00f0 psychogen psychosur, depressio (allar tegundir), og vi\u00f0 psychoneurosur, og er \u00feessi l\u00e6kningaa\u00f0ger\u00f0 talin s\u00fa bezta, sem \u00feekkist vi\u00f0 meinum \u00feessum, og vex fylgi hennar \u00f6rt, og er h\u00fan notu\u00f0 um allan heim […]<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Svo vitnar hann \u00ed G. Langfelt [Kristj\u00e1n \u00e1 vi\u00f0 norska ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn Gabriel Langfeldt<\/a>], sem hann segir einn \u00feekktasta ge\u00f0veikral\u00e6kni Nor\u00f0urlanda og kve\u00f0ur umm\u00e6li hans n\u00e6ga tryggingu fyrir a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00e9 me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 rafrot s\u00e9u fr\u00e1b\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0. Sj\u00e1lfur Langfelt hafi sagt:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00deegar \u00f6ll kurl koma til grafar, m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 rafmagnsl\u00e6kningin s\u00e9 st\u00e6rsti sigur \u00e1 svi\u00f0i ge\u00f0veikral\u00e6kninga, sem nokkru sinni hefir unninn veri\u00f0, a\u00f0 undantekinni malaria-me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni \u00e1 dementia paralytica. Vi\u00f0 megum sem stendur ekki til \u00feess hugsa, a\u00f0 vera \u00e1n hennar, \u00fe\u00f3tt me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00feessari geti fylgt \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gindi, svo sem minnisslj\u00f3fgun um stuttan t\u00edma og minni h\u00e1ttar \u201eKompressions\u201c-brot, sem eru sm\u00e1munir einir vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 hins gl\u00e6silega \u00e1rangurs, sem vi\u00f0 n\u00e1um, \u00e1 svi\u00f0i, \u00fear sem st\u00f3\u00f0um \u00e1\u00f0ur alveg m\u00e1ttvana.\u201c<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kristj\u00e1n gerir s\u00e9r grein fyrir a\u00f0 ekki falli \u00f6llum l\u00e6knum ins\u00fal\u00edn-, cardiazol- og raflost \u00ed ge\u00f0, finnist \u00fe\u00e6r of harkalegar. En \u00fev\u00ed megi til svara a\u00f0 \u201emargar handl\u00e6knisa\u00f0ger\u00f0ir eru harkalegar og l\u00ed\u00f0an sj\u00faklinganna eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir miklu verri en \u201eshock\u201c-sj\u00faklinganna, sem hafa a\u00f0eins l\u00edtilsh\u00e1ttar \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gindi fyrstu klukkustundirnar eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0.\u201c Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a Kristj\u00e1ns er a\u00f0 \u201eenginn ge\u00f0veikral\u00e6knir \u00e6tti a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta undir h\u00f6fu\u00f0 leggjast, a\u00f0 nota sl\u00edkar l\u00e6kninga\u00f0ger\u00f0ir.\u201c<\/font>
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\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Deilur sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt starfandi ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og Helga T\u00f3massonar um raflost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\"Gamalt<\/a>N\u00e6stu \u00e1rin eftir a\u00f0 grein Kristj\u00e1ns birtist r\u00edkti nokkurs konar vopna\u00f0ur fri\u00f0ur milli Helga T\u00f3massonar og ge\u00f0l\u00e6knanna n\u00fdju, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00feeir s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu beittu einfaldlega raflostum \u00e1 s\u00edna sj\u00faklinga \u00fati \u00ed b\u00e6 enda notu\u00f0u \u00feeir hvorki v\u00f6\u00f0valamandi lyf n\u00e9 sv\u00e6fingu vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina. Hin fr\u00e1b\u00e6ra (a\u00f0 \u00feeirra mati) n\u00fdja a\u00f0fer\u00f0in vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kningu ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra, l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda, var ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeirra undirlagi \u00e1 Landakotssp\u00edtala (um l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu fjallar n\u00e6sta f\u00e6rsla). \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki fyrr en l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur leggjast af h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, \u00feegar skur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn sem framkv\u00e6mdi \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00e9st \u00ed septemberbyrjun \u00e1ri\u00f0 1953, sem deilur ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og Helga T\u00f3massonar um raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 ver\u00f0a opinberar.<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 t\u00f3ku bla\u00f0askrif \u00fear sem Helgi T\u00f3masson var saka\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 fylgjast illa me\u00f0 n\u00fdjungum (\u00fe.e. raflostum og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu), halda ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed sorglegri ni\u00f0url\u00e6gingu og l\u00e1ta \u00edslenska ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 athl\u00e6gi \u00ed hinum st\u00f3ra heimi. \u00dea\u00f0 er freistandi a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 opi\u00f0 br\u00e9f til formanns L\u00e6knaf\u00e9lags \u00cdslands<\/a>, sem birtist \u00ed M\u00e1nudagsbla\u00f0inu<\/i> 26. okt\u00f3ber 1953 sem upptakt bla\u00f0aumfj\u00f6llunar gegn Helga. Ekki er h\u00f6fundarnafn a\u00f0 \u00feessu br\u00e9fi heldur einungis upphafsstafir br\u00e9fritara, S J. L. Hann sparar ekki st\u00f3ru or\u00f0in, bendir \u00e1 a\u00f0 Helgi s\u00e9 n\u00fa roskinn ma\u00f0ur og fylgist l\u00edtt me\u00f0, \u00fe.a.l. gangi ekki a\u00f0 hann einn r\u00e1\u00f0i r\u00edkjum \u00e1 Kleppi og vafam\u00e1l a\u00f0 forsvaranlegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 fela honum kennslu \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0um. \u00cd br\u00e9finu kemur og fram a\u00f0 \u00feegar Helgi hafi skroppi\u00f0 af b\u00e6 hafi sj\u00faklingum veri\u00f0 r\u00e6nt af Kleppi og \u201e\u00feeir tafarlaust fengi\u00f0 vi\u00f0unanlegan bata me\u00f0 schok-l\u00e6kningum.\u201c M\u00e1nudagsbla\u00f0i\u00f0 <\/i>reyndist svo \u00e1fram dyggur bakhjarl \u00feeirra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna sem deildu vi\u00f0 Helga T\u00f3masson, sj\u00e1 t.d. greinina Kleppsundrin<\/a> 11. jan\u00faar 1954.<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin er af raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar-fer\u00f0at\u00e6ki fr\u00e1 sj\u00f6tta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar. M\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 gr\u00e6jurnar sem Kristj\u00e1n, Alfre\u00f0 og a\u00f0rir \u00edslenskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar h\u00f6f\u00f0u yfir a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a hafi veri\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 svipa\u00f0ar \u00feessu t\u00e6ki. Myndin kr\u00e6kir \u00ed st\u00e6rri \u00fatg\u00e1fu \u00e1 Vefnum.<\/font>
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Seint \u00ed desember 1953 var haldinn bla\u00f0amannafundur \u00ed Fars\u00f3ttarh\u00fasinu a\u00f0 undirlagi Kristj\u00e1ns \u00deorvar\u00f0ssonar og birtust fr\u00e9ttir af honum \u00ed dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um daginn eftir, t.d. N\u00fdjar og \u00e1rangursr\u00edkar l\u00e6kningatilraunir bannf\u00e6r\u00f0ar \u00e1 Kleppi<\/a>, \u00ed T\u00edmanum<\/i> 29. desember 1953 og Hvers vegna eru rafmagnsl\u00e6kningar ekki \u00e1 Kleppi?<\/a> \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0inu<\/i> sama dag. \u00cd \u00feessum fr\u00e9ttum kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edr ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar, \u00feeir Kristj\u00e1n, Kjartan Gu\u00f0mundsson og Gr\u00edmur Magn\u00fasson, hafi fengi\u00f0 inni \u00ed Fars\u00f3ttarh\u00fasinu til a\u00f0 beita raflostum \u00e1 sj\u00faklinga. Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason haf\u00f0i hins vegar haft \u00e1g\u00e6ta a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u til a\u00f0 veita raflost \u00e1 Elliheimilinu Grund fr\u00e1 vori 1951, sem annar a\u00f0all\u00e6knir elliheimilisins (sj\u00e1 fr\u00e9tt \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0inu<\/i> 5. ma\u00ed 1951<\/a>).\u00a0 Fr\u00e9ttir af bla\u00f0amannafundinum bergm\u00e1la opna br\u00e9fi\u00f0 \u00ed M\u00e1nudagsbla\u00f0inu<\/i> tveimur m\u00e1nu\u00f0um \u00e1\u00f0ur, \u00fe.e.a.s. tala\u00f0 er um \u201eyngri og betur menntu taugl\u00e6kna\u201c sem finnist hart a\u00f0 geta ekki beitt n\u00fdt\u00edsku l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0um, a\u00f0 a\u00f0stendur hafi n\u00e1\u00f0 sj\u00faklingum \u00fat af Kleppi, komi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00ed raflost og hafi \u00feeir fengi\u00f0 bata af o.s.fr.<\/font><\/p>\n

Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason skrifa\u00f0i grein strax eftir \u00e1ram\u00f3tin, sem birtist \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0 8. jan. 1954. Greinin ber yfirskriftina Ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningarnar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed sorglegri ni\u00f0url\u00e6gingu<\/a>. \u00cd henni segir m.a.:<\/font><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi starfa sex s\u00e9rfr\u00f3\u00f0ir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar. Allir, a\u00f0 einum undanskildum, notf\u00e6ra s\u00e9r eftir \u00fev\u00ed, sem a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur leyfa, hinar n\u00fdju a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir [\u00fe.e. raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0, ins\u00fal\u00edn-lost me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu] vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kningu ge\u00f0veikra. En a\u00f0sta\u00f0an h\u00e9r er ekki sem bezt, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 svo \u00f3heppilega vill til, a\u00f0 s\u00e1 eini, sem ekki hefur a\u00f0hyllzt \u00feessar l\u00e6kningar, er yfirl\u00e6knir einasta ge\u00f0veikarsp\u00edtala landsins. \u00deetta kemur \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edtt a\u00f0 s\u00f6k, \u00feegar um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feunglyndissj\u00fakd\u00f3ma e\u00f0a a\u00f0rar l\u00e9ttari tegundir ge\u00f0veiki. \u00deeim sj\u00faklingum m\u00e1 veita fulln\u00e6gjandi hj\u00e1lp me\u00f0 raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed almennu sj\u00fakrah\u00fasi e\u00f0a \u00ed vel \u00fatb\u00fainni l\u00e6kningastofu og jafnvel \u00ed heimah\u00fasi ef \u00ed nau\u00f0ir rekur. \u00d6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li gegnir um hinn alvarlega og algenga ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3m hugklofa (schizofremi [svo]). Gegn honum er n\u00fdju a\u00f0fer\u00f0unum beitt erlendis, hverri me\u00f0 annarri e\u00f0a hverri eftir a\u00f0ra, en vegna \u00e1stands \u00feessara sj\u00faklinga er \u00f3gerlegt og jafnvel h\u00e6ttulegt a\u00f0 vi\u00f0hafa \u00fe\u00e6r annars sta\u00f0ar en \u00ed ge\u00f0veikrasp\u00edtala.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Og Alfre\u00f0 b\u00e6tir vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 \u201eveita hugklofa-sj\u00faklingum n\u00fdt\u00edzku me\u00f0fer\u00f0 eins og sakir standa […] standa n\u00fa ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar h\u00e9r \u00e1 l\u00e6gra stigi en erlendis og \u00fea\u00f0 raunverulega a\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fe\u00f6rfu.\u201c \u00deetta sv\u00ed\u00f0ur Alfre\u00f0 s\u00e1rt \u00fev\u00ed:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er leitt a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a \u00feess var, a\u00f0 erlendir s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar l\u00edta n\u00fa ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 okkur fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 kyrrst\u00f6\u00f0u sem or\u00f0in er \u00e1 ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningum okkar, en h\u00e1lfu s\u00e1rar er \u00fe\u00f3 hitt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 f\u00f3lk \u00ed bl\u00f3ma aldurs s\u00edns missa heilsuna og geta ekki veitt \u00fe\u00e1 hj\u00e1lp sem bezt er talin.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Alfre\u00f0 stakk \u00ed greininni upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 Kleppi yr\u00f0i tv\u00edskipt og fengju hann og f\u00e9lagar hans (hinir fj\u00f3rir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir) a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fear. \u00dea\u00f0 er auglj\u00f3st a\u00f0 hann er fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 falast eftir a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u til l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00fev\u00ed raflostin veittu \u00feeir me\u00f0 s\u00ednum fer\u00f0at\u00e6kjum hvort sem var. Greinin fjallar \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 yfirbor\u00f0inu miklu frekar um raflost, e.t.v. af \u00fev\u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir hafa tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 au\u00f0veldara yr\u00f0i a\u00f0 f\u00e1 almennings\u00e1liti\u00f0 (\u00fe.e. lesendur dagbla\u00f0anna) til a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja og sty\u00f0ja \u00fe\u00e1 l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 en l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu. Fj\u00f3rum d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar minnti Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> \u00e1 grein hans<\/a>, skora\u00f0i \u00e1 Helga T\u00f3masson a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir s\u00ednu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i og hamra\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u201evi\u00f0 getum ekki una\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera eftirb\u00e1tar annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00e1 svi\u00f0i ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninganna.\u201c (\u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslason mj\u00f6g ofarlega \u00e1 lista Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0uflokksins til b\u00e6jarstj\u00f3rnarkosninga \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk. Hann var hins vegar rekinn \u00far flokknum \u00e1ri\u00f0 eftir og gekk \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubandalagi\u00f0, sat s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 \u00feingi fyrir \u00feann flokk \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1956-1967.)<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

Helgi T\u00f3masson haf\u00f0i \u00feaga\u00f0 \u00feunnu hlj\u00f3\u00f0i me\u00f0an greinar voru skrifa\u00f0ar gegn honum, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feessar sem minnst hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 og a\u00f0rar um andst\u00f6\u00f0u hans gegn l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu. En svo m\u00e1 br\u00fdna a\u00f0 deigt j\u00e1rn b\u00edti og \u00ed j\u00fan\u00ed 1955 birtist l\u00f6ng grein eftir Helga, Rafrot vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki, \u00ed Heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00ed\u00f0indum 1951<\/i>. Helgi segist hafa skrifa\u00f0 greinina veturinn \u00e1\u00f0ur og birti n\u00fa stytta \u00fatg\u00e1fu hennar a\u00f0 bei\u00f0ni landl\u00e6knis. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir titilinn fjallar greinin einnig um cardiazol-lost og l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu, a\u00f0al\u00e1herslan er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ina. \u00cd inngangi r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ur Helgi heiti greinarinnar \u00feannig:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

En s\u00e1 l\u00e6knir sem var brautry\u00f0jandi \u00feessarar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi [\u00fe.e. Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson], nefndi \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00ed upphafi mun r\u00e9ttara nafni, sem s\u00e9 rot, sem m\u00f6rgum mun \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00ed\u00f0ar hafa \u00fe\u00f3tt mi\u00f0ur fara. en \u00fear e\u00f0 um \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6tt rot \u00ed \u00edslenzkri merkingu or\u00f0sins er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, held \u00e9g \u00fev\u00ed heiti.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Helgi segist vera \u00ed h\u00f3pi \u00feeirra sem aldrei hafi komi\u00f0 auga \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00f6k sem r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti lost-l\u00e6kningar \u201eheldur beinl\u00ednis s\u00e9\u00f0 margt, sem \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tti \u00fe\u00e6r.\u201c Hann nefnir fyrst hi\u00f0 auglj\u00f3sa, nefnilega a\u00f0 lost-me\u00f0fer\u00f0um, einkum raflosti, var beitt \u00e1 sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edka ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma og a\u00f0 menn vissu ekkert hvernig \u00fe\u00e6r virku\u00f0u. (S\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu r\u00f6kin eiga allt eins vi\u00f0 \u00ed dag, \u00feau fyrrnefndu a\u00f0 hluta.) Helgi segir um \u00feetta, og byrjar \u00e1 a\u00f0 vitna \u00ed eigin reynslu af sj\u00faklingum sem gefi\u00f0 haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 raflost:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 er ma\u00f0ur s\u00e1 einn rafrota\u00f0an sj\u00fakling h\u00e1lsbrotna og deyja 5 d\u00f6gum s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00far lungnab\u00f3lgu og annan lendarhryggbrotinn, svo hann gat sig ekki hreyft lengi \u00e1 eftir, “r\u00f3a\u00f0ist” me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um, \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00fdndist m\u00e9r \u00feegar vera \u00e6rin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 halda a\u00f0 s\u00e9r h\u00f6ndum gagnvart \u00feessari l\u00e6kninga\u00f0ager\u00f0, a.m.k. fyrst um sinn.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A\u00f0 lokum keyrir \u00fe\u00f3 svo um \u00feverbak, a\u00f0 manni bl\u00f6skrar, er ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9r \u00feessum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um beitt, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 hluta\u00f0eigandi l\u00e6knir hafi gert s\u00e9r nokkra humynd um, \u00e1 hvern h\u00e1tt \u00fe\u00e6r eigi a\u00f0 verka – a\u00f0eins u.a.f. – \u00fdmist vi\u00f0 einf\u00f6ldustu s\u00e1lr\u00e6num tilfellum, eins og \u00e1hyggjum af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 geta sennilega ekki sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed skilum me\u00f0 afborgun af v\u00edxli (og gleyma svo v\u00edxlinum alveg), \u00ed l\u00e9ttum og \u00feungum ge\u00f0klofatilfellum, vi\u00f0 hvers kyns \u00feunglyndi, ofl\u00e6ti, eiturlyfjanotkun, ofs\u00f3knarvillum, elligl\u00f6pum og vefr\u00e6num taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3mum, mj\u00f6g oft \u00ed l\u00e6kningastofu eftir eitt e\u00f0a tv\u00f6 vi\u00f0t\u00f6l og svo til enga e\u00f0a lauslega ranns\u00f3kn. \u00deannig hefur framfer\u00f0i\u00f0 veri\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00f6rgum l\u00f6ndum.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c9g minnist ekki a\u00f0 hafa s\u00e9\u00f0 e\u00f0a heyrt um neinn ge\u00f0kvilla, sem einhver hefur ekki reynt rafrot vi\u00f0 og tali\u00f0 sig n\u00e1 lofsver\u00f0um \u00e1rangri af. [- – -]<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0an fjallar Helgi um r\u00f6ksemdir \u00fdmissa fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna fyrir gagnsemi lost-l\u00e6kninga og getur sko\u00f0ana \u00feeirra \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 hva\u00f0a ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma \u00fe\u00e6r virki helst. Hann vitnar \u00fear ekki \u00ed neina aukvisa \u00fev\u00ed hann hl\u00fdddi sj\u00e1lfur \u00e1 fyrirlestra Cerletti (upphafsmanns raflosta), Sakel (upphafsmann ins\u00fal\u00edn-losta) og Meduna (upphafsmann cardiazol-losta) \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0afundi ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00ed Par\u00eds 1950 og endursegir m\u00e1l \u00feeirra auk greina eftir fleiri fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn.\u00a0 Helgi v\u00edkur s\u00ed\u00f0an aftur a\u00f0 eigin sko\u00f0unum \u00e1 raflostum, bygg\u00f0um \u00e1 fyrirlestrum fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna og \u00fev\u00ed sem hann hefur lesi\u00f0:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c1rangurinn af me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni […] \u00feegar h\u00fan tekst vel, er eing\u00f6ngu s\u00e1, a\u00f0 veikindakasti\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 styttast. En allmargir telja, a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingar \u00feessir veikist fremur aftur, svo a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 er talinn er saman veikindat\u00edminn yfir 5 \u00e1r, ver\u00f0u hann a.m.k. ekki styttri hj\u00e1 \u00feeim, sem hafa veri\u00f0 rafrota\u00f0ir.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00deeim sj\u00faklingum einum batnar, sem tali\u00f0 er, a\u00f0 mundi batna hvort v\u00e6ri og batna fullkomlega. En \u00ed allm\u00f6rgum sj\u00faklingum sem rafrota\u00f0ir hafa veri\u00f0, helzt \u201evefr\u00e6na ge\u00f0\u00e1standi\u00f0\u201c lengur e\u00f0a kemur, oft svo a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingurinn er langt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera heill heilsu, \u00feegar hann fer undan l\u00e6knishendi, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 hann vir\u00f0ist ver\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 sm\u00e1m saman eftir \u00e1. En \u00ed m\u00f6rgum sl\u00edkum tilfellum er \u00fe\u00f3 auglj\u00f3st, a\u00f0 einhverjir hinna f\u00ednni strengja \u00ed s\u00e1l mannsins eru slitnir e\u00f0a \u00feeim hefur veri\u00f0 burtu kippt, en \u00fev\u00ed er oft frekar \u00f6fugt fari\u00f0, \u00feegar melankoli batnar \u00e1n rafrots.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00cd allm\u00f6rgum tilfellum helzt \u201evefr\u00e6na ge\u00f0\u00e1standi\u00f0\u201c a\u00f0 meira e\u00f0a minna leyti. Sj\u00faklingurinn hefur \u00fe\u00e1 fengi\u00f0 varanlega vefr\u00e6na skemmd \u00ed heilann \u00ed sta\u00f0 t\u00edmabundinnar, starfr\u00e6nnar ge\u00f0veiki, sem e\u00f0li s\u00ednu samkv\u00e6mt annars batnar.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Helgi telur svo upp helstu \u00f3h\u00f6pp sem geti fylgt raflostum og vitnar \u00ed heimild fyrir m\u00e1li s\u00ednu. Heimild Helga er yfirlit Gab. Deshaies og S. Pellier \u00ed Annales Medico Psychologiques, okt\u00f3ber 1950, og hann tekur fram a\u00f0 \u00feessir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn s\u00e9u mj\u00f6g hlynntir raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0, kallar Deshaies einn \u00e1kafasta \u00e1hanganda rafrotanna.\u00a0 Af helstu \u00f3h\u00f6ppum m\u00e1 nefna slys \u00e1 beinum og li\u00f0um, t.d. a\u00f0 ne\u00f0ri kj\u00e1lki fari \u00far li\u00f0i, a\u00f0 hryggjarli\u00f0ir brotni o.s.fr. En ge\u00f0slysin eru langalgengust, hefur hann eftir heimild sinni, \u201eum 3\/4 sj\u00faklinga truflast \u00e1 minni, margir svo, a\u00f0 um \u00f3minni (amnesia) er r\u00e6\u00f0a aftur \u00ed t\u00edmann\u201c og fyrir hafi komi\u00f0 algert \u00f3minni um \u00ferj\u00fa \u00e1r \u201esem st\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed nokkra daga\u201c. \u00ddmislegt fleira var\u00f0andi ge\u00f0slag og hugsun sem b\u00fd\u00f0ur tj\u00f3n af raflosti telur Helgi upp eftir heimildinni og getur einstaka sinnum eigin reynslu ef hann er \u00f3samm\u00e1la. Skv. m\u00e1lflutningi hans eru sum \u00e1hrifin (\u00f3h\u00f6ppin) \u00e1 hugarstarf \u00f3afturkr\u00e6f.<\/font>Talver\u00f0u m\u00e1li ey\u00f0ir Helgi \u00ed a\u00f0 endursegja hugmyndir fr\u00e6\u00f0imanna um hvernig raflost virki (e\u00f0a hva\u00f0 \u00ed a\u00f0ger\u00f0inni virki, t.d. hvort \u00fea\u00f0 er heilakrampinn e\u00f0a rafmagni\u00f0) og kemur pr\u00fd\u00f0ilega fram a\u00f0 \u00fear rekst hvert \u00e1 annars horn. Eftir \u00fea\u00f0 fjallar hann um l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar breytingar sem einstakir v\u00edsindamenn telji sig hafa greint \u00e1 heilum \u00feeirra sem fari\u00f0 hafa \u00ed raflost. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed b\u00fanu fjallar hann um \u00e1rangur raflosta, einkum gegn \u00feunglyndi, vitnar \u00fear \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn og s\u00e6nskar og svissneskar heilbrig\u00f0issk\u00fdrslur. Hann ber s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1rangurinn skv. heilbrig\u00f0issk\u00fdrslunum saman vi\u00f0 \u201emelankolisj\u00faklinga sem fari\u00f0 hafa af Kleppi \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1933-1952\u201c og vir\u00f0ist \u00e1rangurinn \u00e1 Kleppi mun betri, \u00fe.e. sj\u00faklingum \u00fear batnar mun hra\u00f0ar \u00fe\u00f3tt ekki hafi \u00feeir fengi\u00f0 raflost. Meiri umfj\u00f6llun um opinberar heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00f6lur fylgir \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0, einkum um t\u00f6lur af skoskum ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a Helga er \u00feessi:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c9g f\u00e6 ekki skili\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6kningaa\u00f0ger\u00f0\u201c, sem er jafntv\u00edeggju\u00f0 og rafrot, eigi r\u00e9tt \u00e1 s\u00e9r til \u00feess eins \u00ed svo og svo m\u00f6rgum tilfellum a\u00f0 draga, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er vi\u00f0 h\u00f6ldum, \u00far nokkrum einkennum sj\u00fakd\u00f3ms, sem vi\u00f0 vitum, a\u00f0 yfirleitt batnar. Til \u00feess r\u00f6tum vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsar a\u00f0rar sennilega mun minna h\u00e6ttulegar lei\u00f0ir.<\/font>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Enda \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum ekki beitt \u00feessum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um h\u00e9r \u00e1 Kleppi, tel \u00e9g, a\u00f0 \u00e1rangurinn af l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga h\u00e9r s\u00e9 engu lakari en annars sta\u00f0ar, og ver\u00f0ur v\u00e6ntanlega n\u00e1nar sk\u00fdrt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum vettvangi.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hann fjallar svo eil\u00edti\u00f0 um l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu, sem honum finnst \u00fe\u00f3 sk\u00f6mminni sk\u00e1rri en rafroti\u00f0, en v\u00edkur aftur a\u00f0 raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00ed ni\u00f0urlagi greinarinnar og bendir m.a. \u00e1 a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knum \u00feyki mikill fengur \u00ed t\u00e6ki sem l\u00e1ti eitthva\u00f0 s\u00fdnilegt gerast, \u00feeir geti \u00feannig gengi\u00f0 \u00ed augun \u00e1 al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0unni:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00de\u00f3tt tr\u00fa f\u00f3lks \u00e1 lyf s\u00e9 mikil, mun s\u00f6nnu n\u00e6st, a\u00f0 mun meiri s\u00e9 tr\u00fa \u00feess \u00e1 alls konar \u201et\u00e6ki\u201c, og \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 um l\u00e6knana sj\u00e1lfa. H\u00e9r fengu ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar upp \u00ed hendurnar t\u00e6ki, sem l\u00e9t gerast eitthva\u00f0, sem \u00feeir og f\u00f3lk s\u00e1u, t\u00e6ki, sem var au\u00f0velt \u00ed me\u00f0f\u00f6rum og flj\u00f3tt \u00e1liti\u00f0 virtist ekki gera ska\u00f0a, e\u00f0a a.m.k. ekki mikinn ska\u00f0a. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fev\u00ed freistandi a\u00f0 nota \u00fea\u00f0, stundum meira en minna. Samvizkuna m\u00e1tti fri\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gert og e.t.v. hef\u00f0i sj\u00faklingnum reitt verr af, ef \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 gert.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Helgi v\u00edkur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 raflostin spari t\u00edma, a\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar telji sig ekki lengur \u00feurfa a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r af hverju ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur hvers og eins sj\u00faklings stafi heldur beiti raflostum \u00e1 alla en \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 vitaskuld f\u00e1sinna a\u00f0 halda a\u00f0 til s\u00e9 ein allsherjara\u00f0fer\u00f0 til l\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum. Hann minnir \u00e1 a\u00f0 oft hafi fur\u00f0ulegustu l\u00e6knisr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1tt gengi a\u00f0 fagna me\u00f0al ge\u00f0l\u00e6knast\u00e9ttarinnar, s.s. mannaskilvindur, bl\u00f3\u00f0t\u00f6kur, rafm\u00f6gnun o.fl. Og Helgi l\u00fdkur greininni \u00e1 afdr\u00e1ttarlausri yfirl\u00fdsingu svo enginn \u00feurfi a\u00f0 velkjast \u00ed vafa um sko\u00f0un hans:<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rafrot n\u00fat\u00edmans er a\u00f0 m\u00ednum d\u00f3mi blettur, \u00e1 ge\u00f0l\u00e6knast\u00e9tt allra landa, blettur, sem h\u00fan eing\u00f6ngu getur \u00fevegi\u00f0 af s\u00e9r me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sn\u00faa aftur til heilbrig\u00f0rar skynsemi \u00ed l\u00e6kningatilraunum s\u00ednum.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 \u00fearf varla a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 grein Helga hleypti duglega upp \u00ed Alfre\u00f0 G\u00edslasyni og f\u00e9l\u00f6gum. B\u00e6tti ekki \u00far sk\u00e1k a\u00f0 sama dag og Heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00ed\u00f0indi 1951 <\/i>komu \u00fat, \u00feann 15. j\u00fan\u00ed 1955, <\/i>flutti danski taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Eduard Busch<\/a> erindi um l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00ed H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Busch var frumkv\u00f6\u00f0ull \u00ed l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og litu \u00edslensku ge\u00f0l\u00e6knarnir mj\u00f6g upp til hans, raunar fleiri en \u00feeir \u00fev\u00ed Eduard Busch var veitt hei\u00f0ursdoktorsnafnb\u00f3t vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands \u00e1ri\u00f0 1961<\/a>. Alfre\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0i um fyrirlestur hins \u00e1g\u00e6ta pr\u00f3fessors Busch en eyddi \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00f6ngu m\u00e1li \u00ed a\u00f0 fjargvi\u00f0rast yfir Helga T\u00f3massyni, \u00ed greininni Seinheppin heilbrig\u00f0isstj\u00f3rn<\/a>, sem birtist \u00ed T\u00edmanum<\/i> 23. j\u00fan\u00ed 1955. Grein Helga \u00ed Heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00ed\u00f0indum 1951<\/i> telur Alfre\u00f0 a\u00f0 liggi beinast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilja sem sem \u201evarnarrit heilbrig\u00f0isstj\u00f3rnarinnar og afs\u00f6kunaror\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 hafa til \u00feessa dags haldi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veikral\u00e6kningum \u00e1 \u00cds- [svo] \u00ed sama eymdar\u00e1standinu og \u00fe\u00e6r hvar vetna voru fyrir 20 \u00e1rum.\u201c Alfre\u00f0 er greinilega fj\u00fakandi vondur, fer rangt me\u00f0 dagsetningu greinar Helga og vir\u00f0ist vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 gleyma titli greinar f\u00e9laga s\u00edns, Kristj\u00e1ns \u00deorvar\u00f0ssonar, sem birtist \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1947 og bar heiti\u00f0 Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra (Shock therapia) \u00fev\u00ed Alfre\u00f0 skrifar:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 efni til er ritsm\u00ed\u00f0in skilyr\u00f0islaus ford\u00e6ming \u00e1 \u00feeim l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0um, sem til \u00feessa hafa sk\u00e1rstar reynst \u00ed ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mafr\u00e6\u00f0inni. \u00dear er \u00fea\u00f0 nefnt svart, sem ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar almennt kalla hv\u00edtt. Allt er til t\u00ednt, sem misjafnt m\u00e1 segja um raflostl\u00e6kningu og heilaskur\u00f0 vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki, og \u00fea\u00f0 bl\u00e1si\u00f0 upp, en vandlega \u00feaga\u00f0 um alla kosti. S\u00e9rstaklega er lostl\u00e6kningunni \u00fath\u00fa\u00f0a\u00f0, og \u00ed h\u00e1\u00f0ungarskyni er h\u00fan aldrei nefnd anna\u00f0 en \u201erafrot\u201c og \u201erota\u00f0ger\u00f0ir\u201c.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Alfre\u00f0 segir a\u00f0 au\u00f0vita\u00f0 viti ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar a\u00f0 raflosta\u00f0fer\u00f0ir og heilaskur\u00f0ur [lob\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda] hafi s\u00edna \u00f3kosti, er raunar ekki n\u00e6rri eins kokhraustur og \u00ed fyrri greinum, en segir \u00fe\u00e6r:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

t\u00e1kna mikilsver\u00f0an \u00e1fanga \u00ed framfarabraut og hafa gl\u00e6tt vonir um framhaldandi sigra. \u00deessar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir ver\u00f0a lag\u00f0ar til hli\u00f0ar, \u00feegar anna\u00f0 betra hefir fundist, og kann s\u00e1 t\u00edmi a\u00f0 vera eigi langt undan, en \u00feanga\u00f0 til er \u00feakkarvert a\u00f0 hafa \u00fe\u00e6r.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00fa vildi svo til a\u00f0 nokkrum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um fyrr, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1955, h\u00f6f\u00f0u birtst fr\u00e9ttir um lyfi\u00f0 kl\u00f3rpr\u00f3maz\u00edn<\/a> \u00ed \u00edslenskum dagbl\u00f6\u00f0um, lyf sem haf\u00f0i undraver\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 ge\u00f0klofasj\u00faklinga. Helgi T\u00f3masson haf\u00f0i uppl\u00fdst \u00ed dagbla\u00f0i<\/a> a\u00f0 hann hef\u00f0i nota\u00f0 \u00feetta lyf fr\u00e1 1952 handa s\u00ednum sj\u00faklingum (og einnig reserpin, anna\u00f0 lyf sem skipti sk\u00f6pum). Kann a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r fregnir hafi slegi\u00f0 ofurl\u00edti\u00f0 \u00e1 puttana \u00e1 Alfre\u00f0 og f\u00e9l\u00f6gum \u00ed \u00e1r\u00e1sum \u00feeirra \u00e1 Helga, a.m.k. g\u00e1tu \u00feeir ekki svo glatt haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 hann fylgdist ekki me\u00f0 n\u00fdjungum. Efasemdir um r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti og \u00e1rangur l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu voru farnar a\u00f0 heyrast \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.\u00a0Og vonin um a\u00f0 anna\u00f0 betra en l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda, vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsu, og raflost, einkum vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi, fyndist var sjaldan bjartari en akk\u00farat sumari\u00f0 1955, \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feessara n\u00fdju lyfja vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa. Alt\u00e9nt fj\u00f6ru\u00f0u deilurnar \u00fat og hafa ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar ekki \u00ed annan t\u00edma veri\u00f0 opinberlega \u00f3samm\u00e1la \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00a0 <\/font>
\nRaflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0astli\u00f0in fimmt\u00edu \u00e1r<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Af raflostum er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 \u00feeir Alfre\u00f0, Kristj\u00e1n, Kjartan, Gunnar og Gr\u00edmur h\u00e9ldu \u00e1fram a\u00f0 veita sj\u00faklingum s\u00ednum raflost utan Klepps. Alfre\u00f0 og Kristj\u00e1n t\u00f3ku vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rn \u00e1fengisdeildar \u00e1 n\u00fdopna\u00f0ri Heilsuverndarst\u00f6\u00f0 Reykjav\u00edku<\/a>r \u00e1ri\u00f0 1957 og hafa sj\u00e1lfsagt n\u00fdtt a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0una \u00fear til raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0a milli \u00feess sem \u00feeir sinntu \u00f6lkunum. Alfre\u00f0 haf\u00f0i og a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00e1 Elliheimilinu Grund eins og fyrr sag\u00f0i. Gr\u00edmur Magn\u00fasson gaf raflost \u00ed heimah\u00fasum til \u00e1rsins 1973 (sj\u00e1 Hl\u00e9d\u00eds Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir. 1984.) og n\u00fdtti a\u00f0ra a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u einnig, t.d. beitti hann raflosta\u00f0fer\u00f0um \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00faklinga \u00ed h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i sem tilheyr\u00f0i f\u00e6\u00f0ingardeild Landsp\u00edtalans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1955 og sv\u00e6f\u00f0i sj\u00faklingana \u00fear sj\u00e1lfur (munnleg heimild). Svo h\u00f6f\u00f0u menn Fars\u00f3ttarh\u00fasi\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 \u00e1fram og seinna Hv\u00edtabandi\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

Utan Reykjav\u00edkur voru gefin raflost \u00e1 sj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu S\u00f3lheimum (\u00e9g veit ekki fr\u00e1 hva\u00f0a t\u00edma) og Fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungssj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu \u00e1 Akureyri. (Hl\u00e9d\u00eds Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir. 1984.) \u00c1 Akureyri t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist strax 1955 a\u00f0 sv\u00e6fa sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 eter og gefa \u00feeim curare til l\u00f6munar (munnleg heimild) en margt bendir til a\u00f0 l\u00e6knarnir\u00a0 \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk hafi lengstum sleppt v\u00f6\u00f0vaslakandi efnum og sv\u00e6fingu \u00ed raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 utan sj\u00fakrah\u00fasa.<\/font><\/p>\n

Helgi T\u00f3masson l\u00e9st \u00e1ri\u00f0 1958 og vir\u00f0ast a.m.k. einhverjir hafa \u00f3ttast a\u00f0 \u201erotl\u00e6knirinn\u201c Alfre\u00f0 yr\u00f0i yfirl\u00e6knir \u00e1 Kleppi, sbr. lesendabr\u00e9fi\u00f0 \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 aldrei ver\u00f0a<\/a> \u00ed V\u00edsi<\/i> 11. desember 1958. En Alfre\u00f0 t\u00f3k ekki vi\u00f0 heldur gegndi \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur M\u00f6ller st\u00f6\u00f0unni uns T\u00f3mas Helgason t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 henni. T\u00f3mas var, eins og fa\u00f0ir hans, ekki hrifinn af raflostum og banna\u00f0i \u00feau \u00e1 Kleppi. Hann var\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 loks a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta undan \u00fer\u00fdstingi annarra \u00edslenskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og leyf\u00f0i l\u00e6knum \u00fear a\u00f0 beita raflostum upp \u00e1 eigin \u00e1byrg\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00e1 \u00e1ttunda \u00e1ratugnum. Sj\u00e1lfur beitti hann\u00a0\u00feeim aldrei\u00a0og segir \u00ed vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 Morgunbla\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed ma\u00ed 2007<\/a> a\u00f0 \u00feeim fe\u00f0gum, honum og Helga, hafi \u00fe\u00f3tt raflost \u00f3mann\u00fa\u00f0leg a\u00f0fer\u00f0 og:<\/font><\/p>\n

\u201eRaflosti\u00f0 var h\u00e1lfger\u00f0 hrossal\u00e6kning. Hleypt var straumi gegnum heilann \u00e1 f\u00f3lki sem olli krampa. \u00dea\u00f0 bar \u00e1 minnistruflunuum fyrst \u00e1 eftir og \u00ed sumum tilvikum ur\u00f0u varanlegar breytingar.[- – -]\u201c<\/font><\/p>\n

T\u00f3mas segist \u00ed sama vi\u00f0tali ekki hafa skipt um sko\u00f0un \u00e1 raflostum. En \u00e6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson bergm\u00e1li \u00e1lit \u00edslenskra ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna n\u00fat\u00edmans \u00e1 sko\u00f0unum Helga T\u00f3massonar (og T\u00f3masar Helgasonar) \u00ed b\u00f3kinni Kleppur \u00ed 100 \u00e1r<\/i>: \u201e\u00cd lj\u00f3si s\u00f6gunnar ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja andst\u00f6\u00f0u Helga vi\u00f0 raflostin vafasama l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem einungis lengdi \u00fej\u00e1ningar sj\u00faklinga sem \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ust af alvarlegu \u00feunglyndi.\u201c (s. 96)<\/font><\/p>\n

Ge\u00f0deild Borgarsp\u00edtala var opnu\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1968 og yfirl\u00e6knir hennar var Karl Strand, \u00edslenskur ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir sem l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00ed Bretlandi og haf\u00f0i starfa\u00f0 \u00ed meir en tvo \u00e1ratugi \u00fear. Hann var hlynntur raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0um. \u00deegar T\u00f3mas Helgason l\u00e9t af st\u00f6rfum, \u00e1ri\u00f0 1997, t\u00f3k Hannes P\u00e9tursson vi\u00f0. Hannes var mennta\u00f0ur \u00e1 Bretlandi og a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u fylgjandi raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0um. N\u00fana eru raflost vi\u00f0urkennd me\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi \u00e1 ge\u00f0svi\u00f0i Landsp\u00edtalans, yfirleitt eru \u00feeir sj\u00faklingar sendir \u00ferisvar \u00ed viku \u00ed raflostin.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd greininni Rafkrampame\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1970-1981, sem birtist \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/i> 1984, segir Hl\u00e9d\u00eds Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir fr\u00e1 b\u00fana\u00f0i til raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar og framkv\u00e6md hennar \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu:<\/font>
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Gamalt<\/a>\u00c1 Borgarsp\u00edtala var sama t\u00e6ki\u00f0 (Siemens Convulsator 622) nota\u00f0 allan t\u00edmann en t\u00e6kin sem notu\u00f0 voru \u00e1 Kleppsp\u00edtala, Fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungssj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu Akureyri og utan stofnana voru \u00f6ll s\u00f6mu tegundar, amer\u00edsk fer\u00f0at\u00e6ki (Reuben Reiter). \u00c1 \u00f6llum me\u00f0fer\u00f0arst\u00f6\u00f0unum voru rafskaut eing\u00f6ngu l\u00f6g\u00f0 tv\u00edhli\u00f0a (bitemporalt). Sv\u00e6fingar \u00e1 sj\u00fakrah\u00fasunum f\u00f3ru alltaf fram me\u00f0 atropin forlyfjagj\u00f6f, methothexital sv\u00e6fingu og suxamethonium v\u00f6\u00f0vasl\u00f6kun. \u00deessu fylgdi belgbl\u00e1stur me\u00f0 100% s\u00farefnisgj\u00f6f, \u00fear til sj\u00e1lfkrafa \u00f6ndun f\u00f3r \u00ed gang. Algengast var a\u00f0 RKM [raflostum] v\u00e6ri beitt tvisvar sinnum \u00ed viku, en \u00fe\u00f3 var st\u00f6ku sinnum byrja\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00ferem til fj\u00f3rum skiptum \u00e1 fyrstu viku. \u00deeir sj\u00f6 sj\u00faklingar, sem fengu RKM \u00ed heimah\u00fasi [sj\u00faklingar Gr\u00edms Magn\u00fassonar \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1970-73] fengu ekki suxamethonium v\u00f6\u00f0vasl\u00f6kun.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Myndin er af Siemens Convulsator t\u00e6ki. Litla myndin kr\u00e6kir \u00ed st\u00e6rri mynd \u00e1 vefnum.<\/font><\/p>\n

A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn Hl\u00e9d\u00edsar voru 1.111 raflost-lotur \u00e1 \u00feessu t\u00edmabili og var fj\u00f6ldi raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0a \u00ed hverri lota 6,4 a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali. H\u00fan reiknar s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fat a\u00f0 \u00feetta geri 4,5 raflost-lotur \u00e1 hverja 10.000 \u00edb\u00faa. Raflostunum var einkum beitt \u00e1 sj\u00faklinga me\u00f0 \u201einnborna ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0\u201c, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00feunglyndi. \u00c1rangurinn (sem v\u00e6ntanlega var metin af ge\u00f0l\u00e6knunum sem framkv\u00e6mdu raflostin) er metinn g\u00f3\u00f0ur en \u00fea\u00f0 er d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 merkilegt, finnst m\u00e9r, a\u00f0 Hl\u00e9d\u00eds kemst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, eftir a\u00f0\u00a0hafa sko\u00f0a\u00f0 t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg g\u00f6gn,\u00a0a\u00f0 \u201efullur bati\u201c standi \u00ed \u00f6fugu hlutfalli vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lda raflosta sem sj\u00faklingarnir hlutu.<\/font><\/p>\n

Hl\u00e9d\u00eds sp\u00e1ir \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed greininni a\u00f0 \u201el\u00e1gmarks\u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir RKM \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00e1rangri vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 innborinni ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur 2 lotur \u00e1 10.000 \u00edb\u00faa\u201c og getur \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f6rfin aukist l\u00edklega me\u00f0 fj\u00f6lgun aldra\u00f0ra. \u00c9g hef hvergi fundi\u00f0 t\u00f6lur um fj\u00f6lda raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00cdslandi eftir 1981 og veit \u00fev\u00ed ekki hvort sp\u00e1 hennar gekk eftir. \u00cd Kvalitetsm\u00e5ling i psykiatrien i de nordiske lande<\/a>,<\/i> sem unnin var \u00e1 vegum Norr\u00e6nu r\u00e1\u00f0herranefndarinnar og kom \u00fat 2011, eru t\u00f6luleg g\u00f6gn um \u00edslenska ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga\u00fej\u00f3nustu \u00ed sk\u00f6tul\u00edki. Ef einhver veit um t\u00f6luleg g\u00f6gn um raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ir \u00e1 ge\u00f0deildum Landsp\u00edtala eftir \u00e1ri\u00f0 1981 eru \u00e1bendingar vel \u00feegnar. Mig grunar a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u algengari \u00e1 ge\u00f0svi\u00f0i Landsp\u00edtalans en Hl\u00e9d\u00eds Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir sp\u00e1\u00f0i fyrir um \u00e1ri\u00f0 1984, \u00fe.e. fleiri en 60 raflostlotur \u00e1 \u00e1ri (sem jafngildir tveimur raflostlotum \u00e1 10.000 \u00edb\u00faa ef \u00edb\u00faar eru\u00a0300.000).<\/font><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

A\u00f0 s\u00f6gn er raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 v\u00e6g og \u00e1hrifar\u00edk<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n

Raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 er kynnt fyrir \u00edslenskum sj\u00faklingum n\u00fat\u00edmans \u00e1 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0an og a\u00f0la\u00f0andi m\u00e1ta. M\u00e1 taka sem d\u00e6mi \u00feessa klausu:<\/font>
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Rafl\u00e6kningar geta veri\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegar \u00feegar \u00feunglyndi\u00f0 er or\u00f0i\u00f0 mj\u00f6g alvarlegt og hefur ekki svara\u00f0 lyfjame\u00f0fer\u00f0. Hinn veiki er sv\u00e6f\u00f0ur fyrir hverja me\u00f0fer\u00f0. Rafmagni\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 kalla fram krampa, en \u00feeir eru dempa\u00f0ir me\u00f0 v\u00f6\u00f0vaslakandi lyfjum. Rafl\u00e6kningum geta fylgt v\u00e6gar har\u00f0sperrur og t\u00edmabundin minnisker\u00f0ing, en ekki langt\u00edmaaukaverkanir. \u00deessi tegund me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar hefur oft flj\u00f3tvirk \u00e1hrif \u00fear sem h\u00fan \u00e1 vi\u00f0 og gerir sj\u00faklingi kleift a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a virkur \u00fe\u00e1tttakandi \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi \u00e1 n\u00fd fyrr en a\u00f0rar tegundir me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar.<\/font>
\n(R\u00fanar Helgi Andrason s\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur og Engilbert Sigur\u00f0sson ge\u00f0l\u00e6knir (r\u00e1\u00f0gj\u00f6f). \u00deunglyndi<\/a> \u00e1 persona.is<\/i>. 2004.)<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00cd uppl\u00fdsingab\u00e6klingi ge\u00f0svi\u00f0s Landsp\u00edtalans fr\u00e1 2010, Rafl\u00e6kningar. Lei\u00f0beiningar fyrir notendur<\/a>, segir um me\u00f0fer\u00f0ina sj\u00e1lfa (taki\u00f0 eftir \u00e1herslunni \u00e1 l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0i\u00f0 v\u00e6gur):<\/font><\/p>\n

Eftir a\u00f0 einstaklingur er sofna\u00f0ur og v\u00f6\u00f0vaslakandi\u00a0 lyf eru farin a\u00f0 virka er v\u00e6gum rafstraumi hleypt \u00e1 \u00ed nokkrar sek\u00fandur. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 ver\u00f0a v\u00e6gir krampar sem standa oftast yfir \u00ed 15-30 sek\u00fandur.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Um hugsanlega fylgikvilla segir \u00ed sama b\u00e6klingi:<\/font>
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F\u00f3lk getur or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f3\u00e1tta\u00f0 og skert skammt\u00edmaminni getur gert vart vi\u00f0 sig, mislengi eftir einstaklingum. Sumir geta einnig veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f3gle\u00f0i, h\u00f6fu\u00f0verk, \u00fereytu og har\u00f0sperrur. \u00deessi s\u00ed\u00f0art\u00f6ldu eftirk\u00f6st ganga yfir \u00e1 sk\u00f6mmum t\u00edma (nokkrum m\u00edn\u00fatum til nokkurra klukkut\u00edma) og m\u00e1 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla me\u00f0 vi\u00f0eigandi lyfjum<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Loks segir \u00ed b\u00e6klingnum a\u00f0 virki hvorki lyf n\u00e9 hugr\u00e6n atferlisme\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 oft gripi\u00f0 til rafl\u00e6kninga ef \u201el\u00e6knir og sj\u00faklingur hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 samm\u00e1la um \u00fea\u00f0\u201c og \u201e\u00e6vinlega er haft a\u00f0 lei\u00f0arlj\u00f3si a\u00f0 \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gindi sj\u00faklingsins s\u00e9u sem minnst.\u201c<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1 YouTube<\/i> m\u00e1 myndband af n\u00fat\u00edmaraflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/a> og m\u00e1 vart \u00e1 milli sj\u00e1 hvort\u00a0l\u00e6knirinn e\u00f0a fj\u00f6lskylda\u00a0sj\u00faklingsins sem er vi\u00f0st\u00f6dd er hamingjusamari yfir me\u00f0fer\u00f0inni. (Myndbandi\u00f0 er teki\u00f0\u00a0\u00ed Amer\u00edku, ath. a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi eru rafskautin\/lei\u00f0ararnir\u00a0l\u00edklega ekki fest \u00e1 bor\u00f0a heldur beint \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0 sj\u00faklingsins) .<\/font><\/p>\n

H\u00e9r a\u00f0 ne\u00f0an er mynd sem s\u00fdnir sta\u00f0setningu rafskauta \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaraflostum. Tv\u00edskauta (bilateral\/bitemporal) sta\u00f0setningin var allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi fyrrum, \u00fe.e. rafskaut sett \u00e1 hvort gagnauga og straumi hleypt \u00e1 milli. Einskauta (unilateral) sta\u00f0setning kom mun s\u00ed\u00f0ar til s\u00f6gunnar og sumir telja a\u00f0 h\u00fan valdi s\u00ed\u00f0ur miklu minnistapi, \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn \u00fearf a\u00f0 gefa \u00f6flugri rafstraum til a\u00f0 framkalla krampa \u00ed heilanum me\u00f0 \u00feessari a\u00f0fer\u00f0. N\u00fdjust er tv\u00edskauta sta\u00f0setning \u00e1 enni (bifrontal).<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Sta\u00f0setning
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Eigin reynsla af raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

Vori\u00f0 2006 var \u00e9g mj\u00f6g illa haldin af \u00feunglyndi. Kann a\u00f0 hafa spila\u00f0 inn \u00ed afar sl\u00e6ma l\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 \u00e9g var \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum lyfjum \u00ed h\u00e1um sk\u00f6mmtum, sum lyfjagj\u00f6fin bygg\u00f0ist \u00e1 rangri sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningu (ge\u00f0hvarfas\u00fdki) sem aldrei voru nein r\u00f6k fyrir. Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn minn taldi r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa raflost. \u00cd sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 segir a\u00f0 hann hafi kynnt fyrir m\u00e9r kosti og galla me\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar en n\u00e1nar er ekki geti\u00f0 um \u00ed hverju \u00feessi kynning f\u00f3lst. Eiginmann minn rekur ekki minni til \u00feess a\u00f0 alvarlegar \u00f3afturkr\u00e6far aukaverkanir raflosta hafi veri\u00f0 kynntar honum, hvorki af m\u00e9r n\u00e9 ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninum, og sj\u00e1lf \u00e1 \u00e9g engar minningar fr\u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deetta vor f\u00f3r \u00e9g ellefu sinnum \u00ed tv\u00edskauta raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0. Af heimildum, \u00fe.e. eigin bloggi, er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 eftir raflostin var \u00e9g \u00e1kaflega ruglu\u00f0; minnislaus og me\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kan athyglisbrest, sem \u00fe\u00f3tti e\u00f0lilegur fylgikvilli. Einskis bata var\u00f0 vart fyrr en l\u00ed\u00f0a t\u00f3k \u00e1 sumari\u00f0, \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00f3kar ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn \u00ed sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e9r l\u00ed\u00f0i sk\u00e1r. Sm\u00e1m saman rann upp fyrir m\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 voru ekki bara t\u00f6lvan sem \u00e9g kunni ekki lengur \u00e1 e\u00f0a n\u00fdju hverfin \u00e1 Akranesi sem \u00e9g rata\u00f0i ekki um sem voru fylgikvillar raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar heldur var komin a.m.k. tveggja \u00e1ra ey\u00f0a \u00ed l\u00edf mitt, kolsvart t\u00f3m, sem aldrei hefur skila\u00f0 s\u00e9r aftur. Enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag er \u00e9g a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00feetta sta\u00f0fest, t.d. hitti \u00e9g konu n\u00fa snemma vetrar sem heilsa\u00f0i m\u00e9r me\u00f0 virktum og f\u00f3r a\u00f0 spjalla, \u00e9g gat ekki muna\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef\u00f0i nokkurn t\u00edma s\u00e9\u00f0 hana. Ma\u00f0urinn minn fr\u00e6ddi mig svo um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e9g og \u00feessi kona hef\u00f0um unni\u00f0 saman heilan vetur og \u00feekkst vel.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 er nokkrum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um eftir raflostin b\u00f3ka\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e9g hafi misst um eitt og h\u00e1lft \u00e1r \u00far minni a\u00f0 eigin s\u00f6gn. Um hausti\u00f0 var \u00e9g aftur or\u00f0in mj\u00f6g veik og versna\u00f0i enn eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem veturinn lei\u00f0\u00a0(af heimildum s\u00e9 \u00e9g raunar ekki a\u00f0 um neinn bata hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a heldur breyttist lamandi do\u00f0i \u00feunglyndisins \u00ed ofbo\u00f0slegt \u00f3\u00f6ryggi minnisleysins \u00ed \u00f6rf\u00e1a m\u00e1nu\u00f0i). Haldi\u00f0 var \u00e1fram a\u00f0 hringla me\u00f0 alls konar ge\u00f0lyf \u00feennan vetur, t.d. var \u00e9g l\u00e1tin h\u00e6tta \u00e1 \u00feref\u00f6ldum dagskammti af einu \u00feunglyndislyfi \u00e1 tveimur vikum og \u00e1 sama t\u00edma keyr\u00f0ur upp duglegur skammtur af\u00a0\u00f6\u00f0ru \u00feunglyndislyfi, auk \u00feess sem\u00a0m\u00e9r var \u00e1fram \u00e1v\u00edsa\u00f0 lyfjum\u00a0sem eru alls ekki \u00e6tlu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feunglyndi. \u00c1 \u00fatm\u00e1nu\u00f0um 2007 er b\u00f3ka\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e9g vilji fara aftur \u00ed raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 kemur ekki \u00e1 \u00f3vart \u00fev\u00ed skv. eiginmanni m\u00ednum og eigin bloggi h\u00e9lt ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn \u00fev\u00ed eindregi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 raflostin 2006 hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 til b\u00f3ta. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e9g ger\u00f0i m\u00e9r grein fyrir tveggja \u00e1ra \u00fat\u00feurrkun \u00e1 \u00f6llu \u00ed l\u00edfi m\u00ednu og vissi fyrirfram a\u00f0 n\u00e1mi\u00f0 sem \u00e9g stunda\u00f0i veturinn 2006-2007, MA ritger\u00f0in \u00fear me\u00f0talin, f\u00e6ri algerlega \u00ed glatkistuna f\u00f3r \u00e9g aftur \u00ed ellefu raflostlotur vori\u00f0 2007, \u201ea\u00f0 eigin \u00f3sk\u201c (h\u00e9r t\u00e1kna g\u00e6salappirnar ekki beina tilvitnun \u00ed sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 heldur \u00fe\u00e1 sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 \u00e9g haf\u00f0i ekki forsendur til a\u00f0 taka uppl\u00fdsta \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um \u00feetta). Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn fullvissa\u00f0i mig um a\u00f0 einskauta raflost yllu ekki n\u00e6rri eins mikilli minnissker\u00f0ingu og b\u00f3kar \u00ed sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 a\u00f0 svolei\u00f0is raflost ver\u00f0i n\u00fa reynd vegna minnissker\u00f0ingar af hinum fyrri.<\/font><\/p>\n

Raflostin 2007 eyddu \u00e1rinu 2006-2007 algerlega \u00far minni m\u00ednu. \u00c9g geri m\u00e9r ekki grein fyrir \u00fev\u00ed n\u00fana hvort \u00feau h\u00f6f\u00f0u v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari \u00e1hrif, \u00fe.e.a.s. n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega hva\u00f0a hluti \u00f3minnisins mikla allt aftur til \u00e1rsins 2003 stafar af fyrri raflostlotunum og hva\u00f0a hluti af \u00feeim s\u00ed\u00f0ari. (S\u00f6mulei\u00f0is \u00fatiloka \u00e9g ekki a\u00f0 \u00f3h\u00f3fleg lyfjagj\u00f6f \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00e1rum eigi einhvern \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00f3minninu.)\u00a0 Batinn var\u00f0 enginn. \u00cd sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1 er snemma vetrar haft eftir m\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00e9g hafi aldrei \u201ejafna\u00f0 mig eftir lotuna \u00ed vor.\u201c <\/font><\/p>\n

Allar g\u00f6tur s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur minni mitt veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi sl\u00e6mt. Ge\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn minn hefur \u00ed \u00e1ranna r\u00e1s t\u00ednt fram \u00fdmsar sk\u00fdringar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, t.d. a\u00f0 minni f\u00f3lks slakni me\u00f0 h\u00e6kkandi aldri og a\u00f0 sl\u00e6mu \u00feunglyndi fylgi minnistruflanir og einbeitingarskortur. Sj\u00e1lf er \u00e9g \u00feess fullviss a\u00f0 raflostin hafi haft talsver\u00f0 \u00e1hrif til \u00feessa.<\/font><\/p>\n

Sem \u00fe\u00e6gur sj\u00faklingur til skamms t\u00edma keypti \u00e9g allar \u201ev\u00edsindalegar” sk\u00fdringar ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisins m\u00edns, \u00fe.m.t. \u00e1rangur raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00feunglyndi. \u00c1rum saman var \u00e9g reglulega minnt \u00e1 a\u00f0 vori\u00f0 2006 hafi m\u00e9r batna\u00f0 af raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0inni (\u00fe\u00f3tt heimildir segi anna\u00f0, \u00e9g f\u00f3r hins vegar ekki a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r fyrr en \u00ed fyrravor). \u00deann 4. \u00e1g\u00fast 2010 skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00ed f\u00e6rslu \u00e1 eigin bloggi<\/a>:<\/font>
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En \u00e9g vorkenni sj\u00faklingunum \u00e1 Kleppi sem ekki fengu \u00feennan s\u00e9ns \u00fat af tikt\u00farum yfirl\u00e6knisins. Ef allt um \u00fer\u00fdtur er sk\u00e1rra a\u00f0 \u00feiggja \u00feessa me\u00f0fer\u00f0 en lifa vi\u00f0 \u00f3breytt \u00e1stand, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir aukaverkanir (minnistap – alla jafna er \u00fea\u00f0 tilt\u00f6lulega l\u00edti\u00f0 en \u00e9g var s\u00e9rlega \u00f3heppin, a\u00f0 venju).<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Eftir a\u00f0 hafa fari\u00f0 yfir heimildir, \u00fe.e. eigin bloggf\u00e6rslur fr\u00e1\u00a0t\u00edmum raflostanna\u00a0og sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1, tel \u00e9g tilvitnunina h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan vera gott d\u00e6mi um heila\u00fevott. Eins og flestir sj\u00faklingar treysti \u00e9g m\u00e1lflutningi l\u00e6knisins m\u00edns lengstum. \u00deegar sj\u00faklingur treystir l\u00e6kni vel og l\u00e6knirinn leggur hugl\u00e6gt mat \u00e1 hva\u00f0a uppl\u00fdsingar hann veitir sj\u00faklingnum og skammtar uppl\u00fdsingarnar \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 s\u00edn vi\u00f0horf er vafam\u00e1l hvort uppl\u00fdst sam\u00feykki (\u00feess er krafist a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingur skrifi undir plagg \u00feess efnis fyrir raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0) getur yfirleitt talist uppl\u00fdst. Eftir a\u00f0 \u00e9g f\u00f3r a\u00f0 lesa m\u00e9r til um \u00e1hrif hef\u00f0bundinna ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisa\u00f0fer\u00f0a vi\u00f0 m\u00ednum sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi, jafnt lyfja sem raflosta, er s\u00fa mynd af \u00e1g\u00e6ti \u00feessara a\u00f0fer\u00f0a talsvert \u00f6nnur en \u00e9g haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur, af samt\u00f6lum vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninn minn. Og m\u00e9r \u00feykir, satt best a\u00f0 segja, \u00fe\u00e6r uppl\u00fdsingar sem liggja frammi um raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00edslensku gera \u00e1kaflega l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00far m\u00f6gulegum ska\u00f0legum, jafnvel afar ska\u00f0legum, aukaverkunum \u00feeirra, sj\u00e1 tilvitnanir \u00ed\u00a0 uppl\u00fdsingab\u00e6kling Landsp\u00edtalans og vefinn persona.is<\/i> h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan.<\/font><\/p>\n

E\u00f0li m\u00e1lsins samkv\u00e6mt fjalla \u00edslenskir ge\u00f0sj\u00faklingar ekki \u00ed st\u00f3rum st\u00edl um reynslu s\u00edna af sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi og l\u00e6knisme\u00f0fer\u00f0um. \u00de\u00f3 m\u00e1 finna d\u00e6mi um reynslu \u00feeirra af raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0um.<\/font><\/p>\n

Berg\u00fe\u00f3r G. B\u00f6\u00f0varsson, talsma\u00f0ur notenda \u00e1 ge\u00f0svi\u00f0i, sag\u00f0i \u00ed greininni Hei\u00f0arleg umr\u00e6\u00f0a og uppl\u00fdst val \u00ed ge\u00f0heilbrig\u00f0ism\u00e1lum<\/a>, \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu<\/i> 7. n\u00f3v. 2006:<\/font>
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\u00cd dag myndi \u00e9g aldrei sam\u00feykkja raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0 til langs t\u00edma \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e9r finnst h\u00fan ekki mann\u00fa\u00f0leg og \u00e9g veit af eigin raun a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 gerir engum gott, \u00feegar til lengri t\u00edma er liti\u00f0, a\u00f0 b\u00faa vi\u00f0 minnistap og tilfinningalega r\u00f6skun \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum svi\u00f0um.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00c1 sama t\u00edma sag\u00f0i H\u00e9\u00f0inn Unnsteinsson, \u00ed greininni Af rangf\u00e6rslum um rafl\u00e6kningar<\/a>, Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/i>26. okt\u00f3ber 2006:<\/font>
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Var\u00f0andi raflost me\u00f0fer\u00f0, \u00fe\u00e1 er m\u00e9r \u00fea\u00f0 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 h\u00fan hefur gagnast m\u00f6rgum vel og komi\u00f0 f\u00f3lki fram \u00far r\u00faminu og upp \u00far dj\u00fapu \u00feunglyndi. \u00dea\u00f0 er engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur m\u00edn pers\u00f3nulega sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 s\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 beita raflostum til me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 lyndisr\u00f6skunum s\u00e9 \u00f3mann\u00fa\u00f0leg og eigi vonandi eftir a\u00f0 leggjast af \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feess.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00cd b\u00f3kinni \u00d3munat\u00ed\u00f0<\/i>, \u00fatg. 2011, l\u00fdsir Styrmir Gunnarsson vi\u00f0horfi a\u00f0standanda sem var\u00f0 a\u00f0 gefa leyfi til raflostme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar \u00e1 konu sinni \u00e1ri\u00f0 1968. Hann segir \u00e1 s. 76:<\/font><\/p>\n

Hef\u00f0i \u00e9g haft \u00fe\u00e6r uppl\u00fdsingar \u00ed h\u00f6ndum sumari\u00f0 1968 sem \u00e9g hef n\u00fa, finnst m\u00e9r \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef\u00f0i skrifa\u00f0 undir \u00fea\u00f0 sam\u00feykki vi\u00f0 rafl\u00e6kningum sem \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0i undir \u00fe\u00e1.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Satt best a\u00f0 segja bendir m\u00edn eigin reynsla til \u00feess a\u00f0 Helgi T\u00f3masson hafi haft alveg r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r \u00feegar hann skrifa\u00f0i \u00e1ri\u00f0 1955 a\u00f0 auglj\u00f3s \u00e1hrif raflosta v\u00e6ru oft \u00feau<\/font>
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a\u00f0 einhverjir hinna f\u00ednni strengja \u00ed s\u00e1l mannsins eru slitnir e\u00f0a \u00feeim hefur veri\u00f0 burtu kippt […] Sj\u00faklingurinn hefur \u00fe\u00e1 fengi\u00f0 varanlega vefr\u00e6na skemmd \u00ed heilann \u00ed sta\u00f0 t\u00edmabundinnar, starfr\u00e6nnar ge\u00f0veiki, sem e\u00f0li s\u00ednu samkv\u00e6mt annars batnar.<\/font><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Heimildir a\u00f0rar en \u00fe\u00e6r sem kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed \u00far textanum:<\/font><\/b>
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Helgi T\u00f3masson. Rafrot vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki, \u00ed Heilbrig\u00f0ist\u00ed\u00f0indum 1951<\/i>. \u00datg. af landl\u00e6kni 1955.<\/font><\/p>\n

Hl\u00e9d\u00eds Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttir. Rafkrampame\u00f0fer\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1970-1981. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0 <\/i>70. \u00e1rg. 10. tbl. 1984, s. 325-332.<\/font><\/p>\n

Kristj\u00e1n \u00deorvar\u00f0sson. Rotl\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veikra (Shock therapia). Erindi flutt \u00e1 L\u00e6kna\u00feinginu 1946. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/i> 32. \u00e1rg. 2. tbl.\u00a0 1947, s. 17-22.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00d3ttar Gu\u00f0mundsson. Kleppur \u00ed 100 \u00e1r. JVP \u00fatg\u00e1fa, 2007.<\/font><\/i><\/p>\n

Styrmir Gunnarsson. \u00d3munat\u00ed\u00f0. Saga um ge\u00f0veiki.<\/em> Ver\u00f6ld, 2011. <\/font>
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\u00c1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i mj\u00f6g \u00ed st\u00e9tt ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Fyrir voru \u00feeir \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur Sveinsson og Helgi T\u00f3masson, s\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi l\u00e6r\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i til l\u00e6knis og stunda\u00f0i sitt s\u00e9rn\u00e1m (sem lauk me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u 1927) …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-509","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=509"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":576,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509\/revisions\/576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}