{"id":510,"date":"2013-05-23T21:16:06","date_gmt":"2013-05-23T21:16:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-05-23\/lobotomia-vid-gedveiki\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:44:17","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:44:17","slug":"lobotomia-vid-gedveiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/05\/23\/lobotomia-vid-gedveiki\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00deann 27. desember 1935 hratt port\u00fagalski taugal\u00e6knirinn Egan Moniz<\/a> hugmynd sinni um skur\u00f0l\u00e6kningu vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki \u00ed framkv\u00e6md. A\u00f0ger\u00f0in f\u00f3r fram \u00e1 Santa Marta sj\u00fakrah\u00fasinu \u00ed Lissabon en Moniz gat ekki framkv\u00e6mt hana sj\u00e1lfur \u00fev\u00ed hann \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ist mj\u00f6g af gigt \u00ed h\u00f6ndum, svo \u00fea\u00f0 var a\u00f0sto\u00f0arl\u00e6knirinn hans sem skar, taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Almeida Lima. Sj\u00faklingurinn var 47 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul kona sem \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ist af \u00feunglyndi og kv\u00ed\u00f0a.<\/font>
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Sj\u00faklingurinn var sv\u00e6f\u00f0ur, bora\u00f0 gat ofan \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0k\u00fapuna, alk\u00f3h\u00f3li sprauta\u00f0 \u00ed ennibl\u00f6\u00f0\/ennisgeira (frontal lobes) til a\u00f0 skadda taugatengsl og e.t.v. hr\u00e6rt \u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0um me\u00f0 levkotomi (heimildum ber ekki saman um hvort Moniz hafi nota\u00f0 \u00feetta \u00e1hald fr\u00e1 upphafi e\u00f0a fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed sj\u00f6undu l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edutilraun sinni). Engin eftirk\u00f6st voru fyrst eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina, sj\u00faklingurinn kvarta\u00f0i einungis yfir h\u00f6fu\u00f0verk. \u00c1rangurinn var ekki eins g\u00f3\u00f0ur og Moniz haf\u00f0i vonast til: A\u00f0 v\u00edsu hvarf kv\u00ed\u00f0i konunnar en h\u00fan var \u00e1fram \u00feunglynd og var n\u00fa a\u00f0 auki or\u00f0in slj\u00f3 og sinnulaus (apat\u00edsk).<\/font><\/p>\n

\"Prefrontal<\/p>\n

Moniz l\u00e9t ekki hugfallast heldur pr\u00f3fa\u00f0i a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina \u00e1 fleiri sj\u00faklingum. Fyrir frekari tilraunir l\u00e9t hann sm\u00ed\u00f0a s\u00e9rstakt \u00e1hald til a\u00f0ger\u00f0arinnar, ellefu sentimetra langt mj\u00f3tt r\u00f6r og var h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 skj\u00f3ta \u00fat \u00far \u00fev\u00ed beittum st\u00e1l\u00fer\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 einum smelli, v\u00e6ri \u00e1haldinu s\u00ed\u00f0an sn\u00fai\u00f0 \u00ed hring skar \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0urinn u.\u00fe.b. sentimetra hring a\u00f0 umm\u00e1li. Hann gaf a\u00f0ger\u00f0inni nafni\u00f0 leukotomi (stafsett leucotomy \u00e1 ensku), af gr\u00edsku or\u00f0unum levkos, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir hv\u00edtur, og tomia, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir skur\u00f0ur, enda skyldi skur\u00f0urinn ger\u00f0ur\u00a0\u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0um\/ennisgeira heilans \u00fear sem var fj\u00f6ldi hv\u00edtra tauga\u00fer\u00e1\u00f0a. \u00c1haldi\u00f0 nefndi hann leukotom. Skur\u00f0um var fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 allt upp \u00ed sex og h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 sprauta alk\u00f3h\u00f3li \u00ed heila sj\u00faklinganna. \u00c1 nokkrum m\u00e1nu\u00f0um var leukotomian reynd \u00e1 20 sj\u00faklingum me\u00f0 \u00fdmiss konar ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningar; t\u00e6pur helmingur sj\u00faklinganna var greindur \u00feunglyndur, sex voru me\u00f0 ge\u00f0klofa, tveir me\u00f0 felmtursr\u00f6skun og svo voru einstakir fulltr\u00faar annarra ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma. \u00cd ritger\u00f0 sem Moniz birti \u00e1ri\u00f0 1936 h\u00e9lt hann \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 7 af \u00feessum sj\u00faklingum hef\u00f0u fengi\u00f0 fullan bata og 7 sj\u00faklingum hef\u00f0i batna\u00f0 umtalsvert; a\u00f0ger\u00f0in skila\u00f0i sem sagt 70% bata \u00ed bl\u00f6ndu\u00f0um sj\u00faklingah\u00f3pi. (Sk\u00fdringarteikningin h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan s\u00fdnir hvar Moniz bora\u00f0i og skar og einnig \u00e1haldi\u00f0 sem hann nota\u00f0i.)<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deetta \u00fe\u00f3ttu mikil t\u00ed\u00f0indi \u00ed heimi ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga. Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra sem heillu\u00f0ust strax af fr\u00e9ttunum um feikig\u00f3\u00f0an \u00e1rangur leukotomiu var amer\u00edski taugal\u00e6knirinn Walter Freeman<\/a>. Hann og skur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn James Watts ger\u00f0u fyrstu leukotomiu-a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum \u00ed september 1936. \u00deeir Freeman og Watts ger\u00f0u \u00fdmsar tilraunir til a\u00f0 endurb\u00e6ta a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina og komu s\u00e9r ofan \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0fer\u00f0 a\u00f0 bora g\u00f6t \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0k\u00fapuna vi\u00f0 gagnaugu hvoru megin og stinga inn \u00e1haldi sem minnti helst \u00e1 papp\u00edrshn\u00edf, sn\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed l\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9tt og skera h\u00e1lfhring \u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0. Me\u00f0 \u00feessari a\u00f0fer\u00f0 var minni h\u00e6tta \u00e1 a\u00f0 skera sundur \u00e6\u00f0ar \u00ed heilanum, \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn fylgdi henni s\u00e1 \u00f3kostur a\u00f0 skur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn s\u00e1 alls ekki hvar hann skar \u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0in og var\u00f0 a\u00f0 giska \u00e1 hversu dj\u00fapt skyldi stinga \u00e1haldinu. Freeman og Watts k\u00f6llu\u00f0u a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina lobotomi, af gr\u00edska or\u00f0inu lobos sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir bl\u00f6\u00f0 og tomia, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir skur\u00f0ur.<\/font><\/p>\n

Freeman og Watts birtu fj\u00f6lda greina um g\u00f3\u00f0an \u00e1rangur lobotomiunnar og \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942 kom \u00fat st\u00f3rt ritverk eftir \u00fe\u00e1, Psychosurgery<\/i>, sem vakti alheimsathygli \u00e1 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1943 stakk Freeman upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 N\u00f3belsnefndina a\u00f0 Egas Moniz yr\u00f0i tilnefndur til N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launa \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir miklv\u00e6gt framlag til l\u00e6kningar ge\u00f0veiki en N\u00f3belsnefndin t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 upp\u00e1stungu ekki til greina.<\/font><\/p>\n

Upphafsmenn l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00fe\u00f6g\u00f0u hreint ekki yfir fylgikvillum a\u00f0ger\u00f0arinnar. Egan Moniz nefndi a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingar g\u00e6tu fengi\u00f0 hita eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina, \u00e6lt, haldi\u00f0 hvorki saur n\u00e9 \u00fevagi og sj\u00f3n \u00feeirra truflast, auk \u00feess sem vart var\u00f0 hreyfitreg\u00f0u (akinesia), slj\u00f3leika, drunga, stels\u00fdki, \u00f3e\u00f0lilegrar hungurtilfinningar og a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingar voru illa \u00e1tta\u00f0ir \u00ed r\u00fami og t\u00edma. Freeman og Watts s\u00f6g\u00f0u fr\u00e1 pers\u00f3nuleikabreytingum, a\u00f0 sumir sj\u00faklingar yr\u00f0u tilfinningakaldir, tillitslausir og hirtu hvorki um bo\u00f0 n\u00e9 b\u00f6nn. \u00d6rvefur eftir skur\u00f0ina gat valdi\u00f0 flogaveiki, raunar voru flog me\u00f0 algengustu fylgifiskum hennar. Alvarlegustu \u201efylgikvillarnir\u201c voru \u00fe\u00f3 banv\u00e6n heilabl\u00e6\u00f0ing: \u00cd fyrstu tilraunum Freeman og Watts hlutu um 5% sj\u00faklinganna bana af a\u00f0ger\u00f0inni.<\/font>
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\"L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\ufffdaSeinna einfalda\u00f0i Walter Freeman l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eduna svo ekki \u00feurfti lengur a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma hana \u00e1 skur\u00f0stofum sj\u00fakrah\u00fasa heldur g\u00e1tu ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar\/taugal\u00e6knar gert hana sj\u00e1lfir \u00e1 ge\u00f0sp\u00edt\u00f6lum e\u00f0a stofu. Einfalda\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0in, transorbital lobotomy (l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda gegnum augnt\u00f3tt), f\u00f3lst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 stinga s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku beittu \u00e1haldi, nokkurs konar sting (kalla\u00f0ur orbitoclas e\u00f0a leucotome), undir augnlok sj\u00faklings, sl\u00e1 \u00e1 \u00e1haldsskafti\u00f0 me\u00f0 hamri til a\u00f0 komast gegnum augnt\u00f3ttina og upp \u00ed heila til m\u00f3ts vi\u00f0 nefr\u00f3t. Stingurinn var hamra\u00f0ur um tvo sentimetra inn \u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0in og s\u00ed\u00f0an sn\u00fai\u00f0 sitt \u00e1 hva\u00f0 til a\u00f0 skera \u00ed ennisbl\u00f6\u00f0in. Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 var a\u00f0 skera \u00fevert \u00e1 hv\u00edta efni\u00f0 (tauga\u00fer\u00e6\u00f0ina) sem tengdu saman framheilab\u00f6rk og st\u00faku. Stingurinn var svo dreginn \u00fat og a\u00f0ger\u00f0in endurtekin gegnum hina augnt\u00f3ttina. A\u00f0ger\u00f0in t\u00f3k bara sj\u00f6 m\u00edn\u00fatur og yfirleitt deyf\u00f0i (sv\u00e6f\u00f0i) Freeman sj\u00faklingana me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim nokkur raflost svo \u00feeir misstu me\u00f0vitund.<\/font><\/p>\n

Teikningin til vinstri s\u00fdnir hvernig l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda um augnt\u00f3tt er ger\u00f0. <\/font><\/p>\n

Freeman ger\u00f0i fyrstu l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edua\u00f0ger\u00f0iirnar um augnt\u00f3tt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1946 en \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar lauk samstarfi hans og taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6knisins Watts \u00fev\u00ed hinum s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda ofbu\u00f0u n\u00fdju a\u00f0farirnar. \u00d6\u00f0rum hugna\u00f0ist l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda gegnum augnt\u00f3tt \u00fe\u00f3 n\u00e6gilega vel til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1949 var sett met \u00ed\u00a0 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edua\u00f0ger\u00f0um \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum, \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 voru ger\u00f0ar 5.074 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur. Noregur var eina Nor\u00f0urlandi\u00f0 sem leyf\u00f0i transorbital l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu, \u00e1 hinum Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum h\u00e9ldu menn sig yfirleitt vi\u00f0 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu um gagnaugu.<\/font>
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Moniz, Freeman og fleiri kynntu mismunandi l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edua\u00f0fer\u00f0ir, sem \u00feeir tveir h\u00f6f\u00f0u komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r saman um a\u00f0 h\u00e9tu einu nafni psychosurgery (ge\u00f0skur\u00f0a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir), \u00e1 Fyrstu al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu ge\u00f0skur\u00f0a\u00f0ger\u00f0a-r\u00e1\u00f0stefnunni, \u00ed Lissabon \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast 1948. Meir en hundra\u00f0 v\u00edsindamenn fr\u00e1 27 l\u00f6ndum s\u00f3ttu r\u00e1\u00f0stefnuna. Me\u00f0al \u00fe\u00e1tttakenda voru tveir danskir ge\u00f0l\u00e6knar og hinn heimsfr\u00e6gi danski taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6knir, Eduard Busch.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1 Youtube <\/i>m\u00e1 horfa \u00e1 brot \u00far heimildamynd um Walter Freeman<\/a>, \u00fear sem hann s\u00fdnir og \u00fatsk\u00fdrir a\u00f0fer\u00f0 s\u00edna, l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda um augnt\u00f3tt. Vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir \u00e6ttu ekki a\u00f0 horfa \u00e1 \u00feetta.<\/font><\/p>\n

\"N\u00f3belsver\u00f0laun\u00c1ri\u00f0 eftir, 1949, f\u00e9kk Egas Moniz N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir hina merku uppfinningu s\u00edna l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu (hann deildi a\u00f0 v\u00edsu ver\u00f0laununum me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00e6kni). Einn af \u00feeim n\u00edu v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u skrifa\u00f0 N\u00f3belsnefndinni og hvatt til a\u00f0 veita Moniz ver\u00f0launin var Eduard Busch. \u00cd br\u00e9finu sag\u00f0i Busch a\u00f0 uppfinning Moniz marka\u00f0i t\u00edmam\u00f3t b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed me\u00f0fer\u00f0 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakra og ge\u00f0l\u00e6knisv\u00edsindum. S\u00e1 sem skrifa\u00f0i sk\u00fdrslu um Moniz fyrir N\u00f3belsnefndina var s\u00e6nski taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6knirinn Herbert Olivercrona, sem sj\u00e1lfur var upphafsma\u00f0ur l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0. Hann lofa\u00f0i mj\u00f6g uppfinningu Moniz.<\/font><\/p>\n

Myndin er af N\u00f3belsskjali Moniz. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed segir a\u00f0 hann hlj\u00f3ti ver\u00f0launin \u201ef\u00f6r hans uppt\u00e4kt av den prefrontala leukotomiens terapeutiska v\u00e4rde vid vissa psykoser.\u201c<\/font>
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\u00deegar n\u00fd ge\u00f0lyf (fyrst og fremst kl\u00f3rpr\u00f3maz\u00edn en reserpin einnig) komu \u00e1 almennan marka\u00f0 sumari\u00f0 1954 hr\u00f6pu\u00f0u vins\u00e6ldir l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu mj\u00f6g \u00fe\u00f3tt enn h\u00e9ldu menn \u00e1fram a\u00f0 beita henni n\u00e6sta \u00e1ratuginn og enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag eru ger\u00f0ar ge\u00f0skur\u00f0a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir.<\/font>
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Vins\u00e6ldir l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00ed \u00fdmsum l\u00f6ndum<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00cd Bandar\u00edkjunum voru ger\u00f0ar, a\u00f0 tali\u00f0 er, \u00e1 milli 25 og 30.000 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1936-56. \u00cd Bretlandi voru a\u00f0ger\u00f0irnar 11-12.000 \u00e1 sama t\u00edmabili. \u00cd sumum l\u00f6ndum voru einungis f\u00e1ar l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur ger\u00f0ar, s.s. \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi, \u00cdsrael, Tyrklandi og Sov\u00e9tr\u00edkjunum (\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0asttalda r\u00edkinu var l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1950, h\u00fan var hins vegar tekin upp \u00fear undir lok tuttugustu aldar). Samanlagt er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed heiminum \u00f6llum hafi veri\u00f0 ger\u00f0 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda \u00e1 60-80.000 manns \u00e1 t\u00edmabilinu 1936-56. Raunar sker Skandinav\u00eda sig \u00far \u00feegar t\u00f6lur yfir l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edua\u00f0ger\u00f0ir eru sko\u00f0a\u00f0ar \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r voru 2.5 sinnum algengari \u00fear mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 mannfj\u00f6lda en \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum. L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda var fyrst ger\u00f0 \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 1944, \u00ed Noregi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1941, \u00ed Finnlandi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1946, \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00e1ri\u00f0 1944 og \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1948. Af Nor\u00f0url\u00f6ndunum hefur einungis Noregur greitt l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edusj\u00faklingum ska\u00f0ab\u00e6tur eftir a\u00f0ger\u00f0ina.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00deessi tafla er \u00ed doktorsritger\u00f0 Kenneth \u00d6gren, Psychosurgery in Sweden 1944-1958. The Practice, the Professional and the Media Discourse<\/a><\/i> (2007):<\/font>
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\"T\u00f6lur
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S\u00e9u t\u00f6lur yfir l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1945-60 bornar saman vi\u00f0 mannfj\u00f6ldat\u00f6lur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1950 kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ni a\u00f0ger\u00f0anna \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku var um 85 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00e1 hverja 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa \u00e1 15 \u00e1ra t\u00edmabili, \u00ed Noregi 81 a\u00f0ger\u00f0 \u00e1 hverja 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa, \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 u.\u00fe.b. 63 a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir \u00e1 hverja 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa og \u00ed Finnlandi 36 \u00e1 hverja hundra\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00edb\u00faa. D\u00f6nsku t\u00f6lurnar m\u00e1 einnig t\u00falka sem a\u00f0 me\u00f0altali t\u00e6plega 5,7 a\u00f0ger\u00f0 \u00e1 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa \u00e1 \u00e1ri. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni Det hvide snit<\/i> (\u00fatg. 2010) gerir Jesper Vaczy Kragh miki\u00f0 \u00far \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 Danm\u00f6rk hafi slegi\u00f0 \u00f6ll met \u00ed l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edum og veltir fyrir s\u00e9r hvers vegna \u00fea\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessu sambandi er fr\u00f3\u00f0legt a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a t\u00f6lur yfir l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi (en s\u00e9rst\u00f6k f\u00e6rsla um \u00fe\u00e6r b\u00ed\u00f0ur). \u00c1 t\u00edmabilinu 1948-1953 voru ger\u00f0ar 42 svona a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Mannfj\u00f6ldi \u00feann 1. jan\u00faar 1950 var 141.042. Me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu reikningsa\u00f0fer\u00f0 f\u00e6st \u00fat heildartalan 30 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur \u00e1 hverja 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa. S\u00e9 teki\u00f0 tillit til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00e9r er einungis um fimm \u00e1ra t\u00edmabil a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a og reikna\u00f0 \u00fat me\u00f0altal \u00e1 \u00e1ri gerir \u00fea\u00f0 6 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edur \u00e1 \u00e1ri \u00e1 hverja 100.000 \u00edb\u00faa, sem sagt eil\u00edti\u00f0 h\u00e6rri tala en danska talan sem \u00fe\u00f3 \u00feykir svimandi h\u00e1 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum samanbur\u00f0i. M\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e6tla a\u00f0 ef ekki hef\u00f0u komi\u00f0 til s\u00e9rstakar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur h\u00e9rlendis, sem ger\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur betri grein fyrir \u00ed n\u00e6stu f\u00e6rslu, hef\u00f0i \u00cdsland veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 efstu l\u00f6ndum \u00e1 topp-t\u00edu vins\u00e6ldarlista l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edunnar, jafnvel \u00ed fyrsta s\u00e6ti.<\/font>
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L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku<\/font><\/b><\/p>\n

L\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda var\u00f0 snemma kunn me\u00f0al ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna og taugal\u00e6kna \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir fj\u00f6lmenntu \u00e1 \u00deri\u00f0ja al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega taugal\u00e6kninga\u00feingi\u00f0, sem h\u00f3fst \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 21. \u00e1g\u00fast 1939, og l\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00fear ekki bara um gagnsemi raflosta vi\u00f0 ge\u00f0veiki heldur gafst einnig kostur \u00e1 a\u00f0 hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfan Walter Freeman fjalla um l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu. Freeman sag\u00f0i fr\u00e1 \u00feeim 54 tilraunum me\u00f0 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu sem hann haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 gert.<\/font><\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feeim t\u00edma sem l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda var sem mest i\u00f0ku\u00f0 voru haldin fj\u00f6gur \u00feing Samtaka norr\u00e6nna ge\u00f0l\u00e6kna, hi\u00f0 fyrsta \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1946, n\u00e6sta \u00ed Helsinki 1949, \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00ed Stokkh\u00f3lmi 1952 og hi\u00f0 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a \u00ed Osl\u00f3 1955. \u00c9g get ekki fundi\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingar um \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00cdslendinga \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feingum nema \u00e1 \u00feinginu \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn 1946. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00f3ttu 269 \u00fe\u00e1ttakendur og 168 a\u00f0rir. \u00dear var einn skr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1tttakandi fr\u00e1 \u00cdslandi, Helgi T\u00f3masson, sem var reyndar kj\u00f6rinn einn af \u00feingforsetum. Mig grunar a\u00f0 fleiri \u00cdslendingar hafi veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0staddir \u00feetta \u00feing, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 Bjarni Oddsson, sem var a\u00f0 lj\u00faka doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed taugaskur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum fr\u00e1 Kaupmannahafnarh\u00e1sk\u00f3la, hafi einnig s\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0. \u00c1 \u00feessu \u00feingi fluttu danski l\u00e6knirinn Broager, s\u00e6nski l\u00e6knirinn Wohlfahrt og norski l\u00e6knirinn Dedichen fyrirlestra undir sameiginlega heitinu Ge\u00f0l\u00e6kningar, s\u00e9rstaklega l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00eda og lostl\u00e6kningar. Broager benti \u00e1 helstu h\u00e6tturnar vi\u00f0 l\u00f3b\u00f3t\u00f3m\u00edu sem hef\u00f0u yfirleitt \u00ed bana \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. \u00de\u00e6r v\u00e6ru:<\/font>
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