{"id":529,"date":"2013-10-13T22:30:22","date_gmt":"2013-10-13T22:30:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/harpa.blogg.is\/2013-10-13\/melankolia-gafadra-karla-og-hvunndagsleg-gedlaegd-kvenna\/"},"modified":"2013-11-19T09:31:55","modified_gmt":"2013-11-19T09:31:55","slug":"melankolia-gafadra-karla-og-hvunndagsleg-gedlaegd-kvenna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2013\/10\/13\/melankolia-gafadra-karla-og-hvunndagsleg-gedlaegd-kvenna\/","title":{"rendered":"Melank\u00f3l\u00eda g\u00e1fa\u00f0ra karla og hvunndagsleg ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 kvenna"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9g hef undanfari\u00f0 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 lesa b\u00f3k eftir Karin Johannisson<\/a>, Melankoliska rum. Om \u00e5ngest, leda och s\u00e5rbarhet i f\u00f6rfluten tid och nutid<\/em>, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 2009. Er ekki nema r\u00e9tt h\u00e1lfnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 b\u00f3kina en finnst margt \u00ed henni athyglisvert. Karin \u00feessi er sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur me\u00f0 hugmyndas\u00f6gu sem s\u00e9rsvi\u00f0 (id\u00e9historiker). H\u00fan hefur skrifa\u00f0 margar b\u00e6kur um sj\u00fakd\u00f3ma og hugmyndas\u00f6gu og hloti\u00f0 \u00fdmsar vi\u00f0urkenningar fyrir.<\/p>\n

\u00cd upphafi b\u00f3karinnar er ger\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0 grein fyrir hvernig l\u00fdsingar \u00e1 tilfinningum breytast \u00ed t\u00edmans r\u00e1s og hve erfitt, e\u00f0a jafnvel \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt, getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 t\u00falka l\u00fdsingar fyrri t\u00edma me\u00f0 hugt\u00f6kum og or\u00f0um n\u00fat\u00edmans. Eftir a\u00f0 s\u00e1 varnagli hefur veri\u00f0 sleginn fer Karin a\u00f0 velta fyrir s\u00e9r melank\u00f3l\u00edu og hvernig henni hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst um aldir, \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, b\u00f3kmenntum, sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1m o.fl.<\/p>\n

H\u00fan telur a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 melank\u00f3l\u00eda hafi a.m.k. \u00ferj\u00e1r v\u00edddir sem snerta tilfinningar, ge\u00f0slag og sj\u00fakd\u00f3m. G\u00f6mul or\u00f0 yfir melank\u00f3l\u00edu sem tilfinningu er fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg og \u00ed \u00feeim felst mismunandi mikill \u00feungi. Karin telur upp s\u00e6nsk or\u00f0 yfir \u00feetta en \u00e1 \u00edslensku eru eftirfarandi or\u00f0 s\u00f6g\u00f0 samheiti vi\u00f0 melank\u00f3l\u00edu: Ge\u00f0veiki, samviskuveiki, \u00feunglyndi, sturlun, f\u00e1l\u00e6ti, f\u00e1leiki,\u00a0hjartveiki, hrelling, hugtregi og hugarv\u00edl (Sveinn P\u00e1lsson. 1788.)<\/p>\n

En \u00feessi or\u00f0 tengjast ekki sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi, segir Karin, heldur felst \u00ed \u00feeim \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feema: Einhvers konar missir, stol e\u00f0a -leysi. Melank\u00f3l\u00eda getur veri\u00f0 missir tilgangs (tilgangsleysi) en einnig b\u00f3kstaflega missir tungm\u00e1ls (v\u00e6ntanlega h\u00e6fileikans til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sig), missir atorku e\u00f0a missir orku til a\u00f0 koma s\u00e9r fram \u00far r\u00faminu.
\n\u00de\u00f3tt melank\u00f3l\u00edu fylgi erfi\u00f0ar tilfinningar hefur henni, s\u00f6gulega s\u00e9\u00f0, veri\u00f0 eignu\u00f0 uppb\u00f3t sem er gl\u00f6ggskyggni og sk\u00f6punarkraftur. \u00c1 koparstungu D\u00fcrer, Melencolia I<\/a>, fr\u00e1 1514,\u00a0s\u00e9st \u00feetta vel: \u00deungb\u00fainn engill situr (svo sannarlega)\u00a0\u00ed \u00feungum \u00fe\u00f6nkum; Andliti\u00f0 er d\u00f6kkt og augun dauf en\u00a0\u00ed kringum\u00a0hann\u00a0liggja t\u00e1kn v\u00edsindanna. \u00c1 sext\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld var \u00feessi tegund af melank\u00f3l\u00edu k\u00f6llu\u00f0 melancholia generosa, hin gjafmilda melank\u00f3l\u00eda.<\/p>\n

[H\u00e9r m\u00e6tti og skj\u00f3ta inn d\u00e6mi um r\u00f3mant\u00edska s\u00fdn \u00e1 melank\u00f3l\u00edu, \u00fe.e. eftirfarandi tilvitnun \u00ed Drauminn eftir Byron (1788-1824), \u00ed \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu Steingr\u00edms Thorsteinssonar:<\/p>\n

\u00dev\u00ed \u00feunglyndisins skarpa og skyggna sj\u00f3n
\nEr geigv\u00e6n g\u00e1fa \u00feeim, sem hana hlaut.
\nHva\u00f0 er h\u00fan nema sannleiks sj\u00f3narauki,
\nSem fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0 sviptir t\u00f6frum t\u00e1larmynda,
\nSem n\u00e1lgast l\u00e6tur l\u00edf \u00ed t\u00f3mri nekt
\nOg har\u00f0an sannleik helzt til sannan gj\u00f6rir.]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hugtaki\u00f0 depression er miklu \u00ferengra. \u00dea\u00f0 er b\u00fai\u00f0 til me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af deprimere= a\u00f0 s\u00f6kkva e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00fdsta ni\u00f0ur. Myndhverfingin \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed or\u00f0i v\u00edsar til \u00feess a\u00f0 einstaklingurinn
\ner ni\u00f0urdreginn\/\u00fer\u00faga\u00f0ur ni\u00f0ur. (\u00cd \u00edslenskun ge\u00f0greiningarlykla n\u00fat\u00edmans hefur veri\u00f0 b\u00fai\u00f0 til or\u00f0skr\u00edpi\u00f0 ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a depression. Almenningur kallar depression \u00feunglyndi, sem er eitt g\u00f6mlu or\u00f0anna yfir melank\u00f3l\u00edu.)<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00a0melank\u00f3l\u00edu geta falist sterkar tilfinningar og sk\u00f6punarkraftur\u00a0en \u00ed\u00a0depression-hugtakinu felst a\u00f0allega hindrun. Karin v\u00edsar til Jennifer Radden, sem hefur fari\u00f0 kerfisbundi\u00f0 gegnum greiningarkerfi n\u00fat\u00edmage\u00f0l\u00e6kninga og s\u00fdnt fram \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem seint \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld var skilgreint sem tilfinningar hafi s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3ast yfir \u00ed skilgreiningar \u00e1 h\u00e1tterni (s.s. svefn-, matar- og einbeitingartruflanir, hreyfh\u00f6mlun og \u00fereyta).<\/p>\n

Melank\u00f3l\u00eda karla breytist \u00ed\u00a0ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 kvenna<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 sem m\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00fe\u00f3 athyglisver\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00feessa melank\u00f3l\u00eduumfj\u00f6llun Karin Johannisson var umfj\u00f6llun um hvernig melank\u00f3l\u00eda karla var\u00f0 a\u00f0 depression kvenna. \u00dear v\u00edkur nefnilega\u00a0s\u00f6gunni a\u00f0 m\u00ednu upp\u00e1haldi \u00feessa dagana: Sta\u00f0almyndum (stereot\u00fdpum).<\/p>\n

Karin sta\u00f0h\u00e6fir a\u00f0 s\u00f6guleg sta\u00f0alt\u00fdpa melank\u00f3l\u00edunnar s\u00e9 hinn \u00fatvaldi karlma\u00f0ur<\/strong>. En sta\u00f0alt\u00fdpa n\u00fat\u00edmans af \u00feunglyndi s\u00e9 nafnlausa konan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Melank\u00f3l\u00eda var tengd vi\u00f0 g\u00e1fur og sk\u00f6punarkraft … en bara \u00feessa eiginleika karla. V\u00e6ri minnst \u00e1 melank\u00f3l\u00edu \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 konur var h\u00fan gjarna tengd kynfer\u00f0ism\u00e1lum, eins og \u00ed sj\u00fakd\u00f3msgreiningunni erotomani. “Hoon vaar … s\u00e5 spaak, som ett litet deggie-lam, och gick i k\u00e4rlig melancholij”, skrifar s\u00e6nski 17. aldar l\u00e6knirinn Urban Hj\u00e4rne. S\u00fa \u00fe\u00f6gn sem r\u00edkir um melank\u00f3l\u00edskar konur, \u00ed s\u00f6gunni, er t\u00e6plega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafi ekki veri\u00f0 til heldur s\u00fdnir \u00fe\u00f6gnin frekar hve l\u00e1gan status melank\u00f3l\u00eda kvenna hefur haft \u00ed karll\u00e6gri hef\u00f0inni: \u00deegar melank\u00f3l\u00edu er hampa\u00f0 eru konur ekki taldar me\u00f0. Karin vitnar \u00ed Juliana Schiesari sem heldur \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 melank\u00f3l\u00eda kvenna hafi veri\u00f0 umritu\u00f0, anna\u00f0 hvort \u00ed eitthva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarminna og hversdagslegra e\u00f0a \u00ed eitthva\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegra, t.d. h\u00fdster\u00edu og brj\u00e1l\u00e6\u00f0i. Og Karin tekur d\u00e6mi\u00f0: Af hverju m\u00e1 bara kalla svarts\u00fdni y\u00f0ar en ekki m\u00edna svarts\u00fdni melank\u00f3l\u00edu? spur\u00f0i \u00f3\u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0 sk\u00e1ldkona \u00ed br\u00e9fi til s\u00e6nska lj\u00f3\u00f0sk\u00e1ldsins P.D.A. Attenbom (1790-1885). Hann svara\u00f0i: Af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 til \u00feess er \u00e6tlast a\u00f0 konan s\u00e9 gla\u00f0leg og saklaus.<\/p>\n

Kyn melank\u00f3l\u00edunnar er sem sagt skilgreint karll\u00e6gt. \u00de\u00f3tti hinn melank\u00f3l\u00edski karl s\u00e9 vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mur og broth\u00e6ttur tapar hann ekki karlmennsku sinni. Melank\u00f3l\u00eduhugtaki\u00f0 leyfir \u00fevert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti karlkyns g\u00e1fum\u00f6nnum a\u00f0 innlima hi\u00f0 kvenlega inn \u00ed hi\u00f0 karlmannlega. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt hefur hyster\u00eda karlmanna veri\u00f0 tengd vi\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega skapandi vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mni, \u00ed menningars\u00f6gunni, \u00f3l\u00edkt hyster\u00edu kvenna.<\/p>\n

N\u00fatildags eru konur greindar \u00ed ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 (depress\u00edvar) \u00ed tv\u00f6falt meiri m\u00e6li en karlar. Sta\u00f0almynd ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0ar\/n\u00fat\u00edma \u00feunglyndis rennur saman vi\u00f0 sta\u00f0almynd hins kvenlega: \u00f3virkni, l\u00e1gan r\u00f3m, l\u00e9lega sj\u00e1lfsmynd, segir Karin Johannisson.\u00a0H\u00fan tekur s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi \u00far \u00e6vis\u00f6gulegum skrifum fr\u00e6gra \u00feunglyndra kvenna til a\u00f0 s\u00fdna hvernig \u00fe\u00e6r upplifa \u00feunglyndi\u00f0 sem “ekki-tilveru”, \u00f3virkni, lamandi \u00e1stand o.\u00fe.h.<\/p>\n

S\u00fa kona sem ekki er me\u00f0f\u00e6rileg, ekki gl\u00f6\u00f0 og saklaus o.s.fr., heldur ni\u00f0urdregin, \u00f3\u00e1n\u00e6g\u00f0 og jafnvel galin, \u00e1 \u00ed h\u00e6ttu a\u00f0 vera d\u00e6md, ekki bara af karlm\u00f6nnum og v\u00edsindaheiminum heldur einnig af s\u00e9r sj\u00e1lfri.\u00a0\u00deannig kona\u00a0er j\u00fa skilgreind, og skilgreinir sj\u00e1lfa sig, sem sj\u00faka. Vandinn felst \u00ed \u00feessu \u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0a vali kvenna, segir Karin, a\u00f0 dempa sitt sj\u00e1lf (ego) en ekki a\u00f0 upphefja \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 leita inn\u00e1vi\u00f0 en ekki \u00fat\u00e1vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00f6rn en ekki \u00ed s\u00f3kn. Svo v\u00edkur h\u00fan talinu a\u00f0 kenningum Juliu Kristevu og fleiri s\u00e1lk\u00f6nnu\u00f0a en \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e6tti \u00e9g a\u00f0 lesa …<\/p>\n

Skiptir \u00feetta einhverju m\u00e1li?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt \u00e9g s\u00e9 ekki samm\u00e1la \u00f6llu \u00ed umfj\u00f6llun Karin Johannisson og hafi reki\u00f0 mig \u00e1 sl\u00e6lega umgengni hennar vi\u00f0 heimildir \u00ed \u00feessari b\u00f3k finnst m\u00e9r margt \u00e1hugavert \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sem h\u00fan segir. M\u00e9r finnst t.a.m. spennandi a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir\u00a0m\u00e9r hva\u00f0a m\u00e1li \u00fea\u00f0 skiptir a\u00f0 melank\u00f3l\u00eda var karlanna, \u00ed menningars\u00f6gunni, en ge\u00f0l\u00e6g\u00f0 er kvennanna, \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmage\u00f0l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Hva\u00f0a m\u00e1li skiptir svolei\u00f0is fyrir status og sta\u00f0almyndir, \u00fe.e.a.s. \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6tti sem einkum skipta m\u00e1li \u00ed ford\u00f3mum og brennimerkingu\/stimplun?<\/p>\n

Og passar \u00feetta vi\u00f0 \u00cdsland?<\/strong>
\n\u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er \u00e9g ekki viss um a\u00f0 hve miklu leyti megi heimf\u00e6ra umfj\u00f6llun hennar upp \u00e1 \u00edslenska menningu \u00ed t\u00edmans r\u00e1s. Sveinn P\u00e1lsson segir \u00ed l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 melank\u00f3l\u00edu \u00e1ri\u00f0 1788<\/a> : “\u00deat s\u00fdnisz og at fleiri s\u00e9u konur enn karlar veikindum \u00feessum undirorpnir.” \u00cd annarri l\u00fdsingu sem birtist \u00e1ri\u00f0 1794<\/a>\u00a0segir Sveinn a\u00f0 byrjunareinkenni melank\u00f3l\u00edu geti veri\u00f0 ofurl\u00edti\u00f0 misj\u00f6fn eftir kynjum en vir\u00f0ist svo gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3murinn l\u00fdsi s\u00e9r eins hj\u00e1 konum og k\u00f6rlum \u00feegar hann elnar:<\/p>\n

G\u00e9\u00f0- e\u00f0r Sinniveiki (Melancholia, Tungsindighed), er svo almennur sj\u00fakleikr h\u00e9r at ekke veitti af heille b\u00f3k um hann, kynni \u00fear me\u00f0 einhverium at ver\u00f0a hi\u00e1lpar, byrjar hann optar me\u00f0 miltisveike e\u00f0a vaniflas\u00f3tt (Hypochondria, Miltsyge), hj\u00e1 karlm\u00f8nnumm, e\u00f0r m\u00f3\u00f0ursyke hi\u00e1 kvennf\u00f3lki, sem eru n\u00e6rstums\u00f8mu veikleikar, og hvarum h\u00f8ndlat skal \u00ed\u00a0[grein] 58, r\u00ed\u00f0r \u00fe\u00e1 mi\u00f8g svo \u00e1 strax \u00ed fyrstu at bera sig a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrer hi\u00f0 verra; g\u00e9\u00f0veikt f\u00f3lk misser fyrst matarlyst, regluligan svefn og n\u00e1tt\u00farligar h\u00e6g\u00f0ir; elskar einsetur og veit \u00fe\u00f3 ei giorla hvar fyrir; \u00feeinkia jafnann um hi\u00f0 sama, f\u00e1 jafnvel hatr \u00e1 \u00f8llum m\u00f8nnum og s\u00e9r si\u00e1lfum me\u00f0; eru ofr sorgfullir e\u00f0r og \u00feeigiandi og hr\u00e6\u00f0ast stundum alla hluti, me\u00f0 m\u00f8rgu fleiru sem bagt er upp a\u00f0 reikna, um s\u00ed\u00f0er vex \u00fe\u00fanglyndit \u00e6 meir og meir, \u00fear til si\u00faklingr anna\u00f0 hvert fyrirfer s\u00e9r si\u00e1lfr \u00feegar minst varer, elleger missir vitit og nefniz \u00fe\u00e1 vitfirring […]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c9g hef undanfari\u00f0 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 lesa b\u00f3k eftir Karin Johannisson, Melankoliska rum. Om \u00e5ngest, leda och s\u00e5rbarhet i f\u00f6rfluten tid och nutid, sem kom \u00fat \u00e1ri\u00f0 2009. Er ekki nema r\u00e9tt h\u00e1lfnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 b\u00f3kina en …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=529"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":541,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/529\/revisions\/541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}