{"id":748,"date":"2014-01-08T23:15:51","date_gmt":"2014-01-08T23:15:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.harpahreins.com\/blogg\/?p=748"},"modified":"2014-01-08T23:18:06","modified_gmt":"2014-01-08T23:18:06","slug":"jean-martin-charcot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/2014\/01\/08\/jean-martin-charcot\/","title":{"rendered":"Jean-Martin Charcot"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"napoleon_neurosis_litil\"<\/a>Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) var afar mikils metinn franskur taugal\u00e6knir um s\u00edna daga og er \u00ed sumu enn. Hann skilgreindi fyrstur hreyfitaugungahr\u00f6rnun (MND, stundum k\u00f6llu\u00f0 Charcot veikin \u00ed Frakklandi), heila- og m\u00e6nusigg (MS-sj\u00fakd\u00f3minn e\u00f0a multiple sclerosis), j\u00f3k mj\u00f6g vi\u00f0 \u00feekkingu manna \u00e1 Parkinson-sj\u00fakd\u00f3mnum, greindi fyrstur tabes dorsalis (m\u00e6nut\u00e6ringu, sem er taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3mur af v\u00f6ldum s\u00e1ras\u00f3ttar) og blanda\u00f0a hreyfitaugahr\u00f6rnun (ALS e\u00f0a Lou-Gehrigs-sj\u00fakd\u00f3m). Seinni hluta \u00e6vinnar sn\u00e9ri hann s\u00e9r a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rannsaka hysteriu.<\/p>\n

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Jean-Martin Charcot var n\u00e6stelsti sonur vagnasmi\u00f0s \u00ed Par\u00eds. \u00de\u00f3tt fj\u00f6lskyldan tilheyr\u00f0i verkamannast\u00e9tt var h\u00fan alls ekki f\u00e1t\u00e6k en svo sem heldur ekki au\u00f0ug. Til var n\u00e6gt f\u00e9 til a\u00f0 mennta einn sonanna og fa\u00f0ir hans \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 skyldi vera Jean-Martin. Elsti sonurinn \u00e1tti a\u00f0 taka vi\u00f0 vagnasmi\u00f0junni og hinir tveir a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed herinn. \u00de\u00f3tt Charcot v\u00e6ri s\u00e9rlega listfengur, unnandi b\u00f3kmennta og \u00e1g\u00e6tur teiknari fr\u00e1 unga aldri, s\u00e1 hann a\u00f0 listn\u00e1m v\u00e6ri heldur \u00f3tryggt veganesti og ve\u00f0ja\u00f0i \u00ed sta\u00f0inn \u00e1 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i til fr\u00e6g\u00f0ar og frama. (\u00de\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 komi\u00a0efni \u00feessa f\u00e6rsluflokks\u00a0ekkert vi\u00f0 l\u00e6t \u00e9g \u00feess geti\u00f0 a\u00f0 Jean-Martin Charcot var fa\u00f0ir Jean-Baptiste Charcot, l\u00e6knisins og p\u00f3lfarans kn\u00e1a sem f\u00f3rst me\u00f0 skipi s\u00ednu Pourquoi-Pas? \u00feann 16. september 1936 vi\u00f0 \u00c1lftanes \u00e1 M\u00fdrum).<\/p>\n

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Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re-sp\u00edtalinn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 kom e.t.v. einhverjum \u00e1 \u00f3vart \u00feegar hinn metna\u00f0argjarni l\u00e6knir Jean-Martin Charcot s\u00f3ttist eftir yfirl\u00e6knisst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00e1 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re-sp\u00edtalanum \u00ed Par\u00eds s\u00ed\u00f0la \u00e1rs 1861 og f\u00e9kk starfi\u00f0. \u00deessi stofnun \u00e1tti s\u00e9r langa s\u00f6gu, var upphaflega bygg\u00f0 sem saltp\u00e9tursgeymsla fyrir p\u00fa\u00f0urger\u00f0 (\u00fea\u00f0an er nafn sp\u00edtalans dregi\u00f0), s\u00ed\u00f0ar var\u00f0 \u00feetta geymsla fyrir vandr\u00e6\u00f0akonur af \u00fdmsu tagi, loks einhvers konar sj\u00fakraheimili fyrir konur. Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re \u00e1 sinn sess \u00ed s\u00f6gu ge\u00f0l\u00e6kninga \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 var \u00fearna sem Philippe Pinel leysti ge\u00f0sj\u00fakar konur \u00far hlekkjum \u00e1ri\u00f0 1795<\/a>, svo sem fr\u00e6gt er (kr\u00e6kt er \u00ed m\u00e1lverk sem s\u00fdnir atbur\u00f0inn).\u00a0 Enn \u00feann dag \u00ed dag er Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re \u00ed fullum rekstri, n\u00fa\u00a0sem almennt sj\u00fakrah\u00fas, meira a\u00f0 segja virtur kennslusp\u00edtali, og heitir Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re. Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re kemur \u00fev\u00ed einnig vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu n\u00fat\u00edmans, me\u00f0 allt \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti \u00fe\u00f3, m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 D\u00edana prinsessa var flutt me\u00f0 hra\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00feennan sp\u00edtala eftir h\u00f6rmulegt b\u00edlslys \u00feann 31. \u00e1g\u00fast 1997. Menn vita hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00f3r.<\/p>\n

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\u00deegar Charcot h\u00f3f st\u00f6rf Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re voru um 5000 konur \u00e1 sp\u00edtalanum, um helmingurinn taldur ge\u00f0sj\u00fakur en hinar voru f\u00e1t\u00e6klingar sem voru illa farnir af \u00fdmsum l\u00edkamlegum sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al flogaveiki og hyster\u00edu. \u00deessir \u00f3l\u00edku sj\u00faklingar voru meira og minna \u00ed einni k\u00f6s \u00ed \u00feessu \u201est\u00f3rfenglega h\u00e6li mannlegrar eymdar\u201c sem Charcot kalla\u00f0i svo.\u00a0\u00deetta virtist ekki\u00a0vera lokkandi pl\u00e1ss fyrir framagjarnan l\u00e6kni. En Charcot s\u00e1 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri \u00fear sem a\u00f0rir s\u00e1u t\u00f3m vandr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

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Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re var st\u00e6rsti sp\u00edtali \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu og eiginlega \u201eborg \u00ed borginni\u201c Par\u00eds. \u00dearna voru meir en hundra\u00f0 byggingar af \u00fdmsu tagi og fr\u00e1 \u00fdmsum t\u00edmum, \u00fer\u00f6ngar g\u00f6tur og st\u00edgar \u00e1 milli \u00feeirra, gar\u00f0ar og port og sk\u00famaskot. \u00dearna var r\u00e6kta\u00f0 gr\u00e6nmeti, reki\u00f0 p\u00f3sth\u00fas, \u00fevottah\u00fas sem \u00fevo\u00f0i allan \u00fevott fyrir r\u00edkisrekna sp\u00edtala \u00ed Par\u00eds, saumastofur o.m.fl. Sj\u00faklingar unnu eftir m\u00e6tti \u00e1 \u00feessum st\u00f6\u00f0um, \u00e1samt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera \u201egangast\u00falkur\u201c, \u00fe.e.a.s. a\u00f0sto\u00f0a hj\u00fakrunarkonurnar, og \u00fe\u00e1gu l\u00fasarlaun fyrir. \u00cd Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re var einnig sl\u00f6kkvili\u00f0, tv\u00e6r kirkjur (m\u00f3tm\u00e6lenda- og ka\u00fe\u00f3lsk), verslun, kaffh\u00fas og starfandi v\u00ednkaupma\u00f0ur. \u00dear voru meira a\u00f0 segja haldin b\u00f6ll; Ge\u00f0veiku b\u00f6llin \u00e1 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re voru mj\u00f6g vins\u00e6lt\u00a0\u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed \u00e1rlegu karnivali Par\u00edsarb\u00faa og vel s\u00f3tt af sj\u00faklingum, l\u00e6knum og \u00f6\u00f0ru starfsf\u00f3lki sp\u00edtalans\u00a0og borgarb\u00faum. (Sj\u00e1 n\u00e1nar Bal des folles \u00e0 la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re<\/a> \u00e1 Wikipedia<\/em>.)<\/p>\n

\"gedveikt_ball\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Charcot var\u00f0 \u00f3umdeildur lei\u00f0togi \u00feessarar \u201eborgar \u00ed borginni\u201c og eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem hr\u00f3\u00f0ur hans \u00f3x g\u00e1fu dagbl\u00f6\u00f0in honum titla \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u201eCaesar Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eNapoleon taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3manna\u201c (\u201eNapoleon de la nevrose\u201c).<\/p>\n

Og sem or\u00f0st\u00edr Charcot \u00f3x og hann komst til \u00e6 meiri vir\u00f0inga \u00ed l\u00e6knasamf\u00e9lagi Par\u00edsar (og Frakklands og raunar allrar Evr\u00f3pu) l\u00e9t hann gera \u00fdmsar umb\u00e6tur \u00e1 sinni a\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u: Sett var upp fyrsta flokks ranns\u00f3knarstofa til a\u00f0 rannsaka vefs\u00fdni me\u00f0 fullkomnustu sm\u00e1sj\u00e1m \u00feeirra t\u00edma, st\u00f3r fyrirlestrarsalur var bygg\u00f0ur enda vildi fj\u00f6ldi manns hl\u00fd\u00f0a \u00e1 dr. Charcot og nj\u00f3ta s\u00fdninga hans, ekki s\u00edst eftir a\u00f0 hann sn\u00e9ri s\u00e9r a\u00f0 hyster\u00eduranns\u00f3knum og me\u00f0fylgjandi hyster\u00edus\u00fdningum (sem oftast eru kalla\u00f0ar fyrirlestrar \u00ed umfj\u00f6llun l\u00e6kna). Charcot breytti sem sagt Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re \u00far st\u00f3rfenglegu h\u00e6li mannlegrar eymdar \u00ed fr\u00e1b\u00e6rt kennslusj\u00fakrah\u00fas. Hann la\u00f0a\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fdmsa afbur\u00f0al\u00e6kna og a\u00f0ra fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn sem d\u00e1\u00f0ust \u00f3spart a\u00f0 honum (a.m.k. me\u00f0an hann var l\u00edfs), s.s. Joseph Babinski (sem uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0i Babinski-vi\u00f0brag\u00f0spr\u00f3fi\u00f0), Georges Gilles de la Tourette (sem fyrstur l\u00fdsti Tourette sj\u00fakd\u00f3mnum, raunar var \u00fea\u00f0 Charcot sj\u00e1lfur sem kom \u00fev\u00ed til lei\u00f0ar a\u00f0 sj\u00fakd\u00f3murinn v\u00e6ri kenndur vi\u00f0 hann); Alfred Binet (annar h\u00f6fundur greindarpr\u00f3fs sem enn nota\u00f0) og Sigmund Freud, svo einhverjir s\u00e9u nefndir.<\/p>\n

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Af hverju vildi Charcot n\u00e1 yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um yfir Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fyrir taugal\u00e6kni sem vildi uppg\u00f6tva eitthva\u00f0 n\u00fdtt var Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re kj\u00f6ri\u00f0 pl\u00e1ss. \u00dearna \u00e6g\u00f0i saman alls konum me\u00f0 alls konar krankleika, enda kalla\u00f0i Charcot standi\u00f0 \u00e1 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re \u201eringulrei\u00f0 heilsubrestanna\u201c og vatt s\u00e9r svo \u00ed a\u00f0 sort\u00e9ra og greina \u00e1 v\u00edsindalegan h\u00e1tt. Hann h\u00e9lt mj\u00f6g n\u00e1kv\u00e6mar sj\u00faklingaskr\u00e1r og br\u00faka\u00f0i \u00fdmsar n\u00fdst\u00e1rlegar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni, t.d. a\u00f0 festa fja\u00f0rir \u00e1 h\u00f6fu\u00f0 sj\u00faklinga til a\u00f0 greina milli mismunandi skj\u00e1lfta e\u00f0a titrings og a\u00f0 n\u00fdta n\u00fduppfundi\u00f0 spygmograph (frumst\u00e6\u00f0an p\u00falsm\u00e6li) s\u00f6mulei\u00f0is til a\u00f0 m\u00e6la titring og skj\u00e1lfta. \u00cd sj\u00fakraskr\u00e1num\u00a0eru ekki bara textar heldur heilmiki\u00f0 af teikningum og kom s\u00e9r vel a\u00f0 Charcot var dr\u00e1tthagur, sem og margir hans a\u00f0sto\u00f0armenn.<\/p>\n

Charcot var einl\u00e6gur d\u00fdravinur og ger\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed aldrei kvikskur\u00f0 \u00e1 d\u00fdrum \u00ed ranns\u00f3knarskyni. St\u00f3r hluti sj\u00faklinganna \u00e1 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re voru gamlar konur e\u00f0a konur komnar a\u00f0 f\u00f3tum fram. \u00deess \u00feurfti \u00fev\u00ed yfirleitt ekki lengi a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a a\u00f0 sj\u00faklingur sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kyrfilega m\u00e6ldur og veginn\u00a0og sj\u00fakd\u00f3mseinkenni hans vandlega skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed riti og teikningum\u00a0r\u00e6ki upp t\u00e6rnar\u00a0svo h\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 kryfja hann. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 bera saman vefs\u00fdni vi\u00f0 \u00edtarlega skr\u00e1\u00f0 einkenni \u00fdmiss krankleika (\u201ekl\u00edn\u00edsk-pathol\u00f3g\u00edska a\u00f0fer\u00f0\u201c kallar h\u00f6fundur greinar \u00e1 \u00edslensku \u00feetta, sj\u00e1 Sigurj\u00f3n B. Stef\u00e1nsson. 2010) komst Charcot \u00f3tr\u00falega langt \u00e1lei\u00f0is \u00ed a\u00f0 skilja og greina uppruna e\u00f0a einkenni \u00fdmissa taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3ma, s.s. nefnt var \u00ed upphafi \u00feessarar f\u00e6rslu. Og komst hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera d\u00fdratilraunir – s\u00edst af \u00f6llu vildi hann mei\u00f0a d\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

Af hverju sn\u00e9ri Charcot s\u00e9r a\u00f0 hyster\u00edu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tja, \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0an er n\u00e1nast tilviljun. Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re var l\u00f6ngum yfirfullt og um 1870 t\u00f3k stj\u00f3rn sp\u00edtalans \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un a\u00f0 hann skyldi a\u00f0allega sinna \u201eeinfaldri flogaveiki\u201c, \u00fe.e.a.s. flogaveiki- og hyster\u00edusj\u00faklingum. Flestir ge\u00f0veiku sj\u00faklingarnir voru fluttir \u00e1 annan sp\u00edtala og \u00f6\u00f0rum tv\u00edstra\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Charcot \u00e1leit a\u00f0 hyster\u00eda v\u00e6ri taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3mur, ekki ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur. (Raunar haf\u00f0i hann engan \u00e1huga \u00e1 ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3mum, sem m.a. s\u00e9st \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6llu \u00fev\u00ed greina-og ritafl\u00f3\u00f0i sem fr\u00e1 honum kom um \u00e6vina er einungis ein grein um ge\u00f0sj\u00fakd\u00f3m (n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 um samkynhneig\u00f0\/h\u00f3m\u00f3sex\u00faalisma) sem hann er skr\u00e1\u00f0ur h\u00f6fundur fyrir \u00e1samt ge\u00f0l\u00e6kni (alienistar voru \u00feeir kalla\u00f0ir \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma) – og flestir telja a\u00f0 Charcot hafi einungis lj\u00e1\u00f0 nafn sitt en ekki komi\u00f0 n\u00e1l\u00e6gt skrifum greinarinnar.)<\/p>\n

Hann t\u00f3k \u00fev\u00ed til \u00f3spilltra m\u00e1la a\u00f0 greina hyster\u00edu og leita uppi \u00fe\u00e1 vefr\u00e6nu skemmd sem ylli sj\u00fakd\u00f3mnum, alveg eins og hann haf\u00f0i greint og fundi\u00f0 orsakir annarra taugasj\u00fakd\u00f3ma. Um \u00fe\u00e1 i\u00f0ju Charcot fjallar n\u00e6sta f\u00e6rsla.<\/p>\n

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Heimildir<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Hustvedt, Asti. 2011. Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris<\/em>. W. W. Norton & Company, New York og London.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9gnier, Christian. 2010. Gunpowder, madness, and hysteria: the birth of neurology in France Vignettes of five great neurologists who made history at the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital in Paris: Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), Pierre Marie (1853- 1940), Joseph Babinski (1857-1932), Jean Lhermitte (1877-1959), Paul Castaigne (1916-1988)<\/a>.\u00a0Medicographia<\/em>. 2010;32, s.310-318<\/p>\n

Sigurj\u00f3n B. Stef\u00e1nsson. Taugal\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e9rgrein ver\u00f0ur til<\/a>. L\u00e6knabla\u00f0i\u00f0<\/em> 2010\/96. Fylgirit 64, s. 59-102.<\/p>\n

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Myndin af Charcot sem fylgir \u00feessari f\u00e6rslu var gj\u00f6f hans til Sigmund Freud 1886.<\/p>\n

Ne\u00f0ri myndin er af ge\u00f0veiku balli \u00e1 Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re og birtist \u00ed Le Monde Illustr\u00e9<\/em> \u00feann 22. mars 1890.<\/p>\n

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\u00deessi f\u00e6rsla tilheyrir f\u00e6rslur\u00f6\u00f0 um hyster\u00edu, er \u00f6nnur \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0inni. S\u00fa fyrsta er Hyster\u00eda e\u00f0a m\u00f3\u00f0urs\u00fdki<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) var afar mikils metinn franskur taugal\u00e6knir um s\u00edna daga og er \u00ed sumu enn. Hann skilgreindi fyrstur hreyfitaugungahr\u00f6rnun (MND, stundum k\u00f6llu\u00f0 Charcot veikin \u00ed Frakklandi), heila- og m\u00e6nusigg (MS-sj\u00fakd\u00f3minn e\u00f0a multiple …<\/span> Read More …<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-saga_gedlaekninga"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=748"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/748\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":752,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/748\/revisions\/752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harpahreins.com\/blogg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}